流化床锅炉飞灰活性激发与建材利用的试验研究

流化床锅炉飞灰活性较差,常规的粉煤灰活性激发方法对该飞灰效果不佳.本研究采用了加入适当激发剂的方法激发其活性,结果表明,加入激发剂后水泥胶砂的早期抗折、抗压强度均有100%的增长,后期抗折强度提高约100%、抗压强度提高60%以上,凝结时间和安定性均符合要求.水泥中飞灰掺量达40%时,其胶砂各龄期强度均达到甚至超过了42.5R水泥的强度;飞灰掺量65%～75%时,胶砂强度显示仍可生产一些低强度要求的建材产品,如砌筑水泥、建筑砂浆等.采用XRD、SEM等微观测试手段对飞灰活性激发机理进行了探讨.     

Catalytic reductive dechlorination of p–chlorophenol in water using Ni/Fe nanoscale particles

Nanoscale bimetallic Ni/Fe particles were synthesized from the reaction of sodium borohydride （NaBH4） with reduction of Ni^2＋ and Fe^2＋ in aqueous solution. The obtained Ni/Fe particles were characterized by TEM （transmission electron microscope）, XRD （X-ray diffractometer）, and N2-BET. The dechlorination activity of the Ni/Fe was investigated using p-chlorophenol （p-CP） as a probe agent. Results demonstrated that the nanoscale Ni/Fe could effectively dechlorinate p-CP at relatively low metal to solution ratio of 0.4 g/L （Ni 5 wt%）. The target with initial concentration ofp-CP 0.625 mmol/L was dechlorinted completely in 60 rain under ambient temperature and pressure. Factors affecting dechlorination efficiency, including reaction temperature, pH, Ni loading percentage over Fe, and metal to solution ratio, were investigated. The possible mechanism of dechlorination ofp-CP was proposed and discussed. The pseudo-first- order reaction took place on the surface of the Ni/Fe bimetallic particles, and the activation energy of the dechlorination reaction was determined to be 21.2 kJ/mol at the temperature rang of 287-313 K.     

Cobalt and manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis （Prymnesiophyceae）： Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Pollution of marine environment has become an issue of major concern in recent years.Serious environmental pollution by heavy metals results from their increasing utilization in industrial processes and because most heavy metals are transported into the marine environment and accumulated without decomposition.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects on growth,pigments, lipid peroxidation,and some antioxidant enzyme activities of marine microalga Pavlova viridis,in response to elevated concentrations of cobalt(Co)and manganese(Mn),especially with regard to the involvement of antioxidative defences against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress.In response to Co~(2 ),lipid peroxidation was enhanced compared to the control,as an indication of the oxidative damage caused by metal concentration assayed in the microalgal cells but not Mn~(2 ).Exposure of Pavlova viridis to the two metals caused changes in enzyme activities in a different manner,depending on the metal assayed:after Co~(2 )treatments,total superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was irregular,although it was not significantly affected by Mn~(2 )exposure.Co~(2 )and Mn~(2 )stimulated the activities of catalase(CAT)and glutathione(GSH),whereas,ghitathione peroxidase(GPX)showed a remarkable increase in activity in response to Co~(2 )treatments and decreased gradually with Mn~(2 )concentration,up to 50μmol/L,and then rose very rapidly,reaching to about 38.98% at 200μmol/L Mn~(2 ).These results suggest that an activation of some antioxidant enzymes was enhanced,to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the two metals at higher concentration.     

Simulation of three-stage operating temperature for supersaturation water-based condensational growth tube

In order to realize accurate dynamic control of supersaturation and to study condensation growth characteristics of nanoparticles through different levels of super saturation,a series of parametric analyses and systematic comparisons between two-stage and three-stage operating temperature designs were simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics.The simulation results showed that the three-stage operating temperature did not change peak supersaturation compared with two operating temperatures,and the three-stage operating temperature was superior in decreasing the amount of water vapor and the temperature,thus lowering particle loss and variation in detection and collection.The peak supersaturation level increased by 0.3 as the flow rate increased from 0.6 to 2.0 L/min,but the supersaturation peak moved from 0.0027 z0 to 0.08 z0(i.e.,the growth time and the final size decreased by 40%).Peak supersaturation increased as the temperature difference increased or the temperature difference window was shifting left,and minimum activation size decreased.Shifting the 70℃temperature difference window from 9℃,79℃-1℃,71℃for the condenser and initiator temperatures resulted in peak supersaturation in the centerline being above 5.8,and the activation size changed as low as 1 nm.Experiments with flow rates varying by a factor of 2.5(from 0.6 to 1.5 L/min) resulted in a final size decrease of 43%(from 3.2 to 1.8 μm),and experimental results of outlet particle size distributions were equivalent with theoretical analysis as the operating temperature was changed.     

基于多失效模式的弹上舱段结构件贮存寿命验证方法

目的 验证多失效模式下弹上舱段结构件的贮存寿命。方法 通过开展贮存条件下失效模式分析,确定复合材料贮存薄弱环节,依此制定高温摸底试验方案。开展高温极限应力试验,确定不改变复合材料失效机理的高温贮存极限应力,并据此开展加速因子试验,基于阿伦尼兹模型,计算不同失效模式的激活能,并以激活能最小的性能参数作为贮存薄弱环节,计算舱段结构件加速因子,设计舱段结构件加速贮存寿命验证试验,评估其贮存寿命。结果 计算了某防热材料各失效模式下的激活能,确定了其性能参数的薄弱环节,根据薄弱环节的激活能计算了舱段结构件加速因子和加速贮存试验时间,验证了其贮存寿命。结论 通过确定防热材料的贮存薄弱环节,开展了加速贮存试验,验证了舱段贮存寿命。     

ZnMnxCo2-xO4活化过一硫酸盐降解有机污染物

分别以Zn（CH₃COO）₂·2H₂O、Mn（CH₃COO）₃·2H₂O和Co（CH₃COO）₂·4H₂O为锌源、锰源和钴源,采用溶胶-凝胶自燃烧法成功制备了ZnMn_xCo_2-xO₄（x=0~2）复合物,并用X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱对其进行表征.同时,还研究了Mn/Co物质的量比、催化剂用量及PMS用量对目标污染物降解的影响.结果表明,该复合物可催化活化过一硫酸钾（PMS）降解有机污染物,当催化剂中x=0.8,催化剂投加量为0.2 g·L^-1,PMS用量为0.4 mmol·L^-1（0.25 g·L^-1）时,20 μmol·L^-1（10 mg·L^-1）罗丹明B（RhB）可在15 min内完全降解.ZnMn_0.8Co_1.2O₄的高催化活性主要归功于Mn³⁺和Co²⁺的协同效应.将ZnMn_xCo_2-xO₄-PMS体系用于亚甲基蓝、结晶紫、金橙、双酚A、4-氯酚等其他污染物的降解,也取得了较好的效果.基于电子自旋共振ESR和自由基猝灭实验的结果,可以推测该反应体系中活性物种为硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基.     

活化过硫酸盐氧化地下水中苯酚的动力学研究

以柠檬酸(CA)络合亚铁离子CA-Fe(II)为活化剂,活化过硫酸盐(S2O82-,PS)产生强氧化剂硫酸根自由基(SO4·-),进而催化氧化苯酚.从CA/Fe(II)物质的量比、Fe(II)浓度、过硫酸盐(PS)投加量和苯酚初始浓度4个因素来考察络合亚铁离子活化过硫酸盐氧化去除苯酚的动力学.结果表明,随着PS投加量的增加,苯酚的去除率随之提高;但随着苯酚初始浓度的增加,去除率逐渐降低;CA/Fe(II)物质的量比为1/5时,能够保持水溶液中足量的亚铁离子,有利于苯酚的氧化去除;当PS/CA/Fe(II)/苯酚物质的量比为100/10/50/1时,苯酚的去除率最高,反应15min后去除率达到98%,此时,苯酚的氧化反应速率k也达到最高值0.430min-1.活化过硫酸盐氧化去除苯酚的过程基本符合准一级动力学,在CA/Fe(II)/苯酚物质的量比为10/50/1条件下,苯酚氧化反应速率与过硫酸盐投加量呈线性正相关(R2 = 0.953).     

Preparation of activated carbon from cattail and its application for dyes removal

Activated carbon was prepared from cattail by H3PO4 activation. The effects influencing the surface area of the resulting activated carbon followed the sequence of activated temperature activated time impregnation ratio impregnation time. The optimum condition was found at an impregnation ratio of 2.5, an impregnation time of 9 hr, an activated temperature of 500°C, and an activated time of 80 min. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and average pore size of the activated carbon were 1279 m2/g and 5.585 nm, respectively. A heterogeneous structure in terms of both size and shape was highly developed and widely distributed on the carbon surface. Some groups containing oxygen and phosphorus were formed, and the carboxyl group was the major oxygen-containing functional group. An isotherm equilibrium study was carried out to investigate the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The data fit the Langmuir isotherm equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 192.30 mg/g for Neutral Red and 196.08 mg/g for Malachite Green. Dye-exhausted carbon could be regenerated effectively by thermal treatment. The results indicated that cattail-derived activated carbon was a promising adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.     

Comparisons of TGA and DSC approaches to evaluate nitrocellulose thermal degradation energy and stabilizer efficiencies

This study investigated the thermal degradation energy (activation energy, E_a) for nitrocellulose (NC) with low nitrogen content of 11.71 mass%, so-called NC3, by using two different kinds of thermal analysis instruments: thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A comparison of E_a for various nitrogen content NC samples at two scanning rates (5 and 10 °C min^?1) tested by TGA and DSC is also discussed in this paper. Meanwhile, our aim was to analyze the anti-degradation of E_a for NC with high nitrogen content, as so-called NC1. Thermal stability for NC1 with diphenylamine (DPA) was tested via DSC with 10 DPA concentrations in weights of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.0, and 3.0 mass%. Experimental results indicated that E_a of NC3s was 319.91 kJ mol^?1. Moreover, that while dosing DPA into NC1 the best recipe could be employed to avoid any violent NC1 runaway and also can be used to distinguish the differences of thermal decomposition E_a between NC with different nitrogen contents. This study established a fast and efficient procedure for thermal decomposition properties of NC, and could be applied as an intrinsically safer design during relevant operations.     

Multielement distribution in different plant organs∗

Different elements were found to accumulate at different levels at different parts of balsam plants. Results on multielement concentrations determined for plant foodstufffs of root, seed and leaf nature and As, Cr and Zn distributions along the stems and roots of balsam plant agree well with the above finding.