Use of an activated carbon from antibiotic waste for the removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solution

Porous carbon has been prepared from waste antibiotic material by a chemical activation method using K(2)CO(3) as an activating reagent. Carbon was studied systematically by the adsorption of nitrogen and iodine. It was found that the process parameters such as activation temperature and activation time are crucial for preparing high-quality activated carbon. The proper choice of the preparation conditions allows to produce microporous activated carbon with a micropore volume up to 0.492 cm(3)/g and a BET surface area of 1260 m(2)/g. Adsorption of mercury(II) from an aqueous solution on antibiotic carbon was investigated under the varying conditions of agitation time, metal ion concentration and pH. The adsorption capacity of the carbon is 129 mg/g.     

Dehydrochlorination behavior of polyvinyl chloride and utilization of carbon residue: effect of plasticizer and inorganic filler

The dehydrochlorination behavior of plasticizer (DOP) and inorganic filler (CaCO₃) contained in PVC samples and the properties of the activated carbons produced from those carbon residues have been investigated. In the dehydrochlorination process, both additives contributed not only to a decrease in HCl yield but also to the prolonged evolution of HCl. Part of the Cl species were observed to be stabilized as CaCl₂ by reaction with calcium ions when CaCO₃ was added. More than 80% of chlorine removal was achieved in all samples at 533 K. The use of potassium as an activation agent led to the production of activated carbon with a specific surface area greater than 1000 m²/g at the low temperature of 1023 K and assisted also in the elimination of residual Cl species by the formation of KCl during activation. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

膜基活化溶液中活化剂在回收温室气体CO2过程中的作用

将AMP和PZ作为活化剂添加于MDEA溶液中,形成活化溶液,研究了膜基活化溶液回收温室气体CO₂性能,着重考察活化剂的活化作用和对膜接触器传质加强的影响,提出一个活化机理来解释活化现象,建立了阻力层方程模型, 并模拟膜基活化溶液回收CO₂的传质过程。结果表明,活化剂对膜接触器传质的加强起到重要作用,具有双氨基环状结构的PZ对传质的加强作用高于具有空间位阻结构的AMP;活化溶液的CO2回收率和传质通量明显高于未活化的MDEA溶液,活化性能PZ＞AMP;活化剂的活化效应与分子结构有关;流体力学的改变对传质的影响有限,活化剂的反应动力学对传质的加强起主导作用;阻力层方程模型能较好地模拟膜基活化溶液回收CO₂传质过程,传质通量和总传质系数的模型值与实验值符合较好。     

金属改性碳脱除PH3和H2S动力学及反应机理研究

为综合利用黄磷尾气中的CO,通过计算平均活化能和测定XPS、TG／DTA和氮吸附特性的方法,研究了Cu2＋和某金属离子M^n＋改性碳脱除PH,和H2S的动力学和反应机理问题。结果表明：H2S在金属改性碳上反应时平均活化能为134．4J／mol为-0．76级反应,PH,在金属改性碳上反应时平均活化能为1247．6J／mol为-0．8级反应;减小改性碳粒径增加流量可以显著提高其脱除PH,和H。S的速率;XPS、TG／DTA和孔径分布分析证明,改性碳净化H2S和PH3是一个催化吸附过程,H2S和PH3首先与氧在改性碳表面进行催化氧化反应,然后生成S和P2O5沉积吸附在改性碳表面。     

纳米铁去除水中硝酸盐的动力学研究

实验中采用了液相还原法制备新型吸附剂纳米铁。在纳米铁低投放量的条件下,采用间歇实验,分别从初始硝酸盐浓度、溶液pH值和温度的不同外界条件下研究了纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除情况。实验结果表明,硝酸盐初始浓度对反应速率有影响,但对去除率影响不大;溶液pH值为2.0时纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除效果最好;随着温度的升高,纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除率有所增加。以t时刻已反应掉的硝酸盐浓度为切入点,提出拟二级动力学方程。进而确定不同温度下的反应速率常数k。实验中k在50℃时最大,为0.014 mg/（L·min）。反应活化能Ea为17.18 kJ/mol,该反应以质量传递为控制因素。溶液中性条件下硝酸盐氮的还原产物为氨氮。     

北京地区松叶中有机卤素污染物的研究

利用中子活化分析(NAA)技术测定了北京市不同“功能区”松叶中可萃取有机卤素污染物(EOX)的含量,结果表明,化工工业区松叶中可萃取有机氯(EOCl)含量高达40mg/g(干重),钢铁工业区的松叶含量最低(12mg/g).松叶中EOCl、可萃取有机溴(EOBr)、碘(EOI)含量顺序为EOCl>>EOBr>EOI, EOCl在总EOX中占到了97%以上.在EOCl中,有机氯农药仅占0.2%～1.9%,松叶中绝大多数EOCl为未知的.4个城市“功能区”中EOCl含量顺序为化工工业区>交通枢纽地带>居民区>钢铁工业区.城区大气中有机氯污染物主要来自化学工业和交通污染.城区松叶中EOCl的含量远高于偏远山区的样品,但两地样品中EOBr、EOI的含量无显著差异.     

铌酸锂调制器加速贮存寿命评估

目的研究铌酸锂调制器加速储存寿命的评估方法。方法基于韦布尔分布的方法,应用加速老化寿命评估试验理论和技术,建立恒加速应力老化寿命评估的理论模型。对集成光学调制器在不同温度应力下的加速贮存寿命进行统计,分析不同时间段器件失效概率,对其可靠性进行评估。结果计算出了器件韦布尔分布的形状参数m为0.314,表明调制器贮存时早期失效多。结论通过对器件失效数据进行分析,确定了阿伦尼斯加速模型,并计算其激活能为1.1 e V,分析得到在25℃环境条件下Li Nb O_3调制器器件贮存1年的可靠度为0.9454。     

温度对厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合脱氮除碳的影响

采用ASBR反应器,研究了温度对厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合反应的短期影响.试验结果表明:耦合反应的活化能要小于单纯厌氧氨氧化反应的活化能,厌氧氨氧化与反硝化耦合反应可在一定程度上缓解低温对单纯厌氧氨氧化反应造成的消极影响,温度降低对厌氧氨氧化反应的影响大于对反硝化反应的影响.温度与耦合反应最大比反应速率的关系符合Arrhenius方程,在25~35℃时,耦合反应活化能为49.56kJ/mol,小于厌氧氨氧化反应的活化能66.18kJ/mol,且厌氧氨氧化反应为主导反应,对脱氮的贡献率约为61.29%.9~25℃时耦合反应的活化能为74.91kJ/mol,小于此温度梯度下厌氧氨氧化的活化能106.40kJ/mol,反硝化反应对脱氮的贡献率随温度的降低逐渐升高,9℃时,反硝化反应成为主导反应,对脱氮的贡献率约为75.10%.温度低于25℃时,反应器的容积氮去除速率(NRR)会受温度的影响.     

粉煤灰-石灰中温烟气脱硫和蒸汽活化的机理

实验研究了粉煤灰 -石灰吸收剂经 150℃和400～800℃蒸汽处理后 ,其固硫能力的改善程度 ,并借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析技术对蒸汽活化机理进行分析 .粉煤灰 -石灰的一次硫化样品经 150℃蒸汽处理后 ,CaO转化为 Ca(OH)₂,石灰颗粒发生破碎 ,粉煤灰颗粒表面粘附了大量的含钙微粒 ,从而大大增加了吸收剂的有效反应表面积 ,在 400～800℃的脱硫反应温度下使其转化率比未处理吸收剂的转化率提高了 0.8～ 1.5倍 .150℃蒸汽处理方式比 400～800℃蒸汽处理方式的效果好 .     

Perchlorate removal using granular activated carbon supported iron compounds: Synthesis, characterization and reactivity

Synthesis and use of the iron compounds supported on granular activated carbon (ICs/GAC) have shown significant environmental implications for perchlorate (ClO 4 ) removal. ICs/GAC was synthesized via hydrolyzing FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O on GAC, reduced by NaBH 4 solution in polyethylene glycol 6000 and ethanol solution, dried in vacuum condition and exposed to air. Synthesized ICs/GAC was characterized using transmission electron micrograph (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). ICs/GAC was determined to be containing a large amount of FeOHSO 4 , Fe 2 O 3 and a small amount of zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles according to TEM and XPS measurements. Batch static kinetic tests showed that 97% of ClO 4 was removed within 10 hr at 90°C and 86% of ClO 4 was removed within 12 hr at 25°C, at ICs/GAC dosage of 20 g/L. The experimental results also showed that FeOHSO 4 and Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles have the function of perchlorate adsorption and play important roles in ClO 4 removal. The activation energy (E a ) was determined to be 9.56 kJ/mol.