活性炭材料的活化与改性

活性炭是一种应用广泛的吸附催化剂 ,其性能取决于它的孔隙结构和表面化学性质。根据活性炭的表面特性对不同物质的吸附性能 ,对活性炭进行活化和改性处理 ,能进一步满足各种特殊用途的要求。本文概述了活性炭的各种活化和改性处理技术     

Alkali activation processes for incinerator residues management

Incinerator bottom ash (BA) is produced in large amount worldwide and in Italy, where 5.1 millions tons of municipal solid residues have been incinerated in 2010, corresponding to 1.2–1.5 millions tons of produced bottom ash. This residue has been used in the present study for producing dense geopolymers containing high percentage (50–70 wt%) of ash. The amount of potentially reactive aluminosilicate fraction in the ash has been determined by means of test in NaOH. The final properties of geopolymers prepared with or without taking into account this reactive fraction have been compared. The results showed that due to the presence of both amorphous and crystalline fractions with a different degree of reactivity, the incinerator BA geopolymers exhibit significant differences in terms of Si/Al ratio and microstructure when reactive fraction is considered.     

No person is an island: The effects of group characteristics on individual trait expression

Although most researchers now espouse a person‐by‐situation interactionist approach, there remains much work to be carried out to fully understand how different features of the environment interact with personality to influence behavior. Thus, this study sought to examine the moderating effects of three group‐level constructs on the relationships between two personality traits (conscientiousness and extraversion) and individual performance and counterproductive behaviors. Specifically, using trait activation theory as an organizing framework, we considered the moderating effects of the following: (i) a previously unexamined construct called core group evaluations (CGEs); (ii) group conscientiousness composition; and (iii) group extraversion composition. Data were obtained from a sample of university football players (N = 225–252 from 40 groups). The results indicated that CGEs moderated the relationships between individual conscientiousness and both performance (subjective) and counterproductive behaviors. Group conscientiousness composition also moderated the relationships between individual conscientiousness and both performance (objective and subjective) and counterproductive behaviors. Lastly, group extraversion composition moderated the relationship between individual extraversion and counterproductive behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of considering a team's CGEs, as well as the personality composition of team members when investigating the effects of conscientiousness and extraversion on individual performance and counterproductive behaviors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of herbicide stress on wheat cultivars from organic and conventional cropping systems

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings grown from seeds produced in “organic”; (non‐chemical) and “conventional”; cropping systems are characterized by a) similar rates of root and shoot growth, b) equal sensitivity to phytotoxicity by the herbicide glyphosate, and c) equivalent basal activity of the enzyme glutathione S‐transferase (both in the roots and in the shoots). In addition, treatment of these seedlings with glyphosate leads to significantly higher contents of this enzyme both in the shoots and in the roots. However, time‐course and dose‐response investigations indicate significant differences in the induction pattern of glutathione S‐transferase: the response of “conventional”; wheat seedlings takes place earlier and with higher efficiency, than that of the “organic”; ones.     

基于地下水中四环素去除的缓释剂构建及其性能

为了有效去除地下水中抗生素等有机污染物,本文首次提出有序介孔氧化锰（O-MnO_x）为活性催化剂和过硫酸钠（Na₂S₂O₈）为氧化剂制备活化过硫酸钠缓释剂,并将其用于地下水中四环素的降解修复过程.通过有序O-MnO_x与H₂O₂和Na₂S₂O₈构建的两种类芬顿催化反应体系,明确了O-MnO_x对过硫酸钠的活化及其对水中四环素优异的降解性能.以O-MnO_x与Na₂S₂O₈为活性组分制备的缓释剂在地下水中可以缓慢释放过硫酸根离子.缓释剂中O-MnO_x加入比例增加,其释放性能减弱,而Na₂S₂O₈加入比例减少,过硫酸根释放速率就会加快.O-MnO_x可以活化过硫酸根溶...     

Mesoporous cobalt monoxide-supported platinum nanoparticles: Superior catalysts for the oxidative removal of benzene

Mesoporous Co_3 O_4(meso-Co_3 O_4)-supported Pt(0.53 wt.% Pt/meso-Co304) was synthesized via the KIT-6-templating and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-assisted reduction routes.Mesoporous CoO(meso-CoO) was fabricated through in situ reduction of meso-Co304 with glycerol,and the 0.18-0.69 wt.% Pt/meso-CoO samples were generated by the PVA-assisted reduction method.Meso-Co_3 O_4 and meso-CoO were of cubic crystal structure and the Pt nanoparticles(NPs) with a uniform size of ca.2 nm were well distributed on the mesoCo_3 O_4 or meso-CoO surface.The 0.56 wt% Pt/meso-CoO(0.56 Pt/meso-CoO) sample performed the best in benzene combustion(T_(50%)=156℃and T_(90%)=186℃at a space velocity of 80,000 mL/(g h)).Introducing water vapor or C02 with a certain concentration led to partial deactivation of 0.56 Pt/meso-CoO and such a deactivation was reversible.We think that the superior catalytic activity of 0.56 Pt/meso-CoO was intimately related to its good oxygen activation and benzene adsorption ability.     

有机氯对废弃物衍生焦炭结构和反应活性的影响

采用聚氯乙烯（PVC）为氯源与废弃物典型组分等量混合后在500 ℃氮气气氛条件下制成焦炭样品,通过热重（TGA/DTG）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱（EDS）和拉曼光谱分析手段,对样品进行了焦炭碳结构和反应活性分析.结果表明,有机氯会抑制废弃物衍生焦炭的活性,使淀粉热解焦炭最大反应速率从0.15 min^-1下降至0.13 min^-1.动力学方面,淀粉（60.575 kJ·mol^-1）和纤维素焦炭（101.686 kJ·mol^-1）样品的表观活化能均小于其与PVC混合物的热解焦炭;而PVC的添加则会使淀粉和纤维素热解焦炭中的C结构更趋于无序化.微观角度方面,添加PVC后的焦炭表面同样呈现出纤维丝状结构,但气壁更加粗糙,表面有较多的褶皱,破坏了由废弃物内在碱金属催化形成的孔隙结构,使得焦炭表面结构破碎化程度更高.     

电活化过硫酸盐降解全氟辛酸及其中间产物的探究分析

全氟化合物（PFCs）是一种新兴的持久性有机污染物,具有环境持久性、高毒性和难降解性,因此急需研发高效的降解方法.本文采用电化学恒电位电解法活化过硫酸盐,利用得到的具有强氧化性的SO₄^·-有效降解全氟辛酸（PFOA）,考察了恒定电位值、过硫酸钠的初始浓度、溶液初始pH值和共存离子对电活化过硫酸盐降解PFOA的影响.同时,结合超高效液相色谱-三重串联四级杆质谱联用仪（UPLC-MS/MS）和气相色谱与质谱联用仪（GC-MS）,对其降解的液相和气相中间产物进行探究.结果表明,在控制阴极电位为-1.8 V,初始过硫酸钠溶液浓度为200 mmol·L^-1,初始溶液pH=3.29,恒电位电解4 h后,PFOA去除率约达到60%.当体系中有NO₃^-、异丙醇和过硫酸钠共存时,PFOA降解效率明显提高（91%,4 h）,当有ClO₄^-存在时PFOA去除率约达到76.8%,但HCO₃^-和Cl^-的存在会出现抑制效果.通过对降解中间产物（短链PFCAs和加氢产物）和TOC去除率（62.5%,24 h）的监测分析,进而推断其可能的降解机理为SO₄^·-介导的Kolbe脱羧过程和羧酸逐步被加氢还原的过程.     

Active Moss Biomonitoring Applied to an Industrial Site in Romania: Relative Accumulation of 36 Elements in Moss-Bags

Active moss biomonitoring using the species Sphagnum girgensohnii was tested at a strongly polluted site in Romania (Baia Mare) according to a novel sampling design. Nine moss transplants from each of the two background areas (Dubna, Russia and Vitosha Mountain, Bulgaria) were deployed in parallel on balconies about 24 m above street level for 4 months. The samples were analyzed for 36 elements using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Based on the results obtained the sampling variability is discussed in relation to the analytical variability, and the relative uptake of the different elements is assessed. The moss-bags using Sphagnum girgensohnii demonstrate a high or a very high relative uptake for a majority of the 36 investigated elements, but the values depend on the initial element concentration in the moss. Moss leaves analyzed separately showed somewhat higher levels than stems for many elements. Practical considerations however still speak in favor of using the whole moss for transplants.