Hydrothermal-treated Pt/Al2O3 as an excellent catalyst for toluene total oxidation

The preparation of highly active supported noble metal catalysts with a low noble metal loading has always been the ultimate goal of researchers working on catalysis. Hydrothermally treated Pt/Al₂O₃ (Pt/Al₂O₃-H) exhibits better catalytic activity than that (Pt/Al₂O₃-C) treated via the conventional calcination approach. At the high space velocity of 100,000 mL/(g∙hr), the temperature that correspond to 50% toluene conversion (T₅₀) of Pt/Al₂O₃-H is 115°C lower than that of Pt/Al₂O₃-C, and the turnover frequency (TOF) value can reach 0.0756 sec⁻¹. The mechanism by which the hydrothermal approach enhances Pt/Al₂O₃ activity has been investigated. The structure associated with the high catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) can be retained via hydrothermal treatment. Furthermore, the support is transformed to AlO(OH) with numerous surface hydroxyl groups, which in turn can facilitate the adsorption of toluene. And the synergistic effects of Pt NPs and AlO(OH) increases the contents of Pt in oxidation state and active oxygen, which are beneficial for toluene oxidation.     

Phenol degradation in waters with high iodide level by layered double hydroxide-peroxodisulfate: Pathways and products

Recently, layered double hydroxide-peroxodisulfate (LDH-PDS) as an advanced oxidation system can effectively remove organics by the pathway of free radical. However, little has been known if there is a potential risk regarding the formation of high toxic iodine byproducts through another pathway when LDH-PDS is used in high iodide waters at coastal areas. Therefore, this study investigated phenol degradation pathways and transformation products to evaluate both removal mechanism and potential risk by LDH-PDS in high iodide waters. The results showed that in LDH-PDS system, with the degradation of PDS, phenol degraded till below detection limit in 1 hr in the presence of iodide, while PDS and phenol were hardly degraded in the absence of iodide, indicating iodide accelerated the transformation of PDS and the degradation of phenol. What is more, it reached the highest phenol removal efficiency under the condition of 100 mg/L LDH, 0.1 mmol/L PDS and 1.0 mmol/L iodide. In LDH-PDS system, iodide was rapidly oxidized by the highly active interlayer PDS, resulting in the formation of reactive iodine including hypoiodic acid, iodine and triiodide instead of free radicals, which contributed rapid degradation of phenol. However, unfortunately toxic iodophenols were detected. Specifically, 2-iodophenol and 4-iodophenol were formed firstly, afterwards 2,4-diiodophenol and 2,6-diiodophenol were produced, and finally iodophenols and diiodophenols gradually decreased and 2,4,6-Triiodophenol were produced. These results indicated that LDH-PDS should avoid to use in high iodide waters to prevent toxic iodine byproduct formation although iodide can accelerate phenol degradation.     

Heavy metal bioaccumulation in selected medicinal plants collected from Khetri copper mines and comparison with those collected from fertile soil in Haridwar,India

Heavy metal distribution in medicinal plants is gaining importance not only as an alternative medicine, but also for possible concern due to effects of metal toxicity. The present study has been focused on emphasizing the heavy metal status and bioaccumulation factors of V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se (essential metals) and Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Pb (potentially toxic metals) in medicinal plants grown under two different environmental conditions e.g., near to Khetri copper mine and those in fertile soils of Haridwar, both in India, using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (relative method) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The copper levels in the medicinal plants from Khetri were found to be 3-4 folds higher (31.6–76.5 mg kg^?1) than those from Haridwar samples (7.40–15.3 mg kg^?1), which is correlated with very high copper levels (763 mg kg^?1) in Khetri soil. Among various heavy metals, Cr (2.60–5.92 mg kg^?1), Cd (1.47–2.97 mg kg^?1) and Pb (3.97–6.63 mg kg^?1) are also higher in concentration in the medicinal plants from Khetri. The essential metals like Mn (36.4–69.3 mg kg^?1), Fe (192–601 mg kg^?1), Zn (24.9–49.9 mg kg^?1) and Se (0.13–0.91 mg kg^?1) and potentially toxic metals like Ni (3.09–9.01 mg kg^?1) and As (0.41–2.09 mg kg^?1) did not show much variations in concentration in the medicinal plants from both Khetri and Haridwar. The medicinal plants from Khetri, e.g., Ocimum sanctum, Cassia fistula, Withania somnifera and Azadirachta Indica were found rich in Ca and Mg contents while Aloe barbadensis showed moderately high Ca and Mg. Higher levels of Ca-Mg were found to correlate with Zn (except Azadirachta Indica). The bioaccumulation factors (BAFS) of the heavy metals were estimated to understand the soil-to-plant transfer pattern of the heavy metals. Significantly lower BAF values of Cu and Cr were found in the medicinal plants from Khetri, indicating majority fraction of these metals are precipitated and were immobilized species unsuitable for plant uptake. Overall, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) showed very high metal bioaccumulation.     

废弃混凝土对C_3S形成动力学的影响

废弃混凝土中石灰石的含量比较稳定,适合取代天然石灰石作为钙质原料配制水泥生料,并含有少量的SiO2,可以起部分硅质原料的作用。硬化的水泥浆体在高温下脱水形成氧化钙、氧化铝和氧化铁等氧化物,都是制造水泥所必须的氧化物。实验室利用20%和40%的废弃混凝土代替部分石灰石制备水泥熟料。研究了废弃混凝土对硅酸盐水泥熟料形成动力学的影响。用快速滴定法测定了不同熟料中f-CaO含量,根据文章提出CaO反应生成C3S的转化率,并用Amhenius公式计算了熟料中C3S形成反应的表观活化能。研究表明:废弃混凝土能改善生料的易烧性,并能降低熟料的烧成温度。     

污泥基活性炭的制备、表征及其应用

以城市生活污水厂脱水车间污泥为原料,采用化学活化法(ZnCl2为活化剂)在活化剂浓度为45%、活化温度为600℃、浸渍温度为45℃、活化时间为50min条件下制备污泥基活性炭。对污泥基活性炭进行了孔结构、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、XRD等表征分析。结果表明:该条件下制备出的污泥基活性炭碘吸附值为427.51mg/g,比表面积为329.48m2/g,大孔、中孔、微孔容积分别为0.19,0.12,0.15cm3/g。平均孔径为3.953nm。将其应用于生活污水处理,考察了污泥基活性炭投加量、pH、吸附时间对其吸附性能的影响。     

HPO42-和H2PO4-对蒙脱石-胡敏酸胶体凝聚的影响

为探究HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-界面行为对土壤胶体凝聚的影响,以蒙脱石和胡敏酸胶体为研究对象,采用动态光散射技术比较研究HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-引发胶体颗粒凝聚过程的差异.结果表明,随着电解质离子强度的升高,HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-体系蒙脱石-胡敏酸混合悬液从慢速凝聚（线性增长）转化为快速凝聚（幂函数增长）,但胶体凝聚过程对H₂PO₄^-体系离子强度的变化更敏感.HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-作用下凝聚体有效粒径增长、总体平均凝聚速率（TAA）、临界聚沉离子强度（CCIS）和活化能均存在明显差异;其中,与HPO₄^2-相比,H₂PO₄^-体系中拥有更高的TAA、更低的CCIS和活化能,说明H₂PO₄^-离子引发蒙脱石-胡敏酸混合胶体凝聚的作用更强,HPO₄^2-体系中CCIS是H₂PO₄^-中的2.43倍.HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-体系中离子特异性效应的差异（活化能差值）随离子强度的降低而增大,主要由强电场中离子非经典极化作用引发.胡敏酸的添加明显增加了HPO₄^2-体系中胶体的CCIS和活化能,而对H₂PO₄^-体系未产生明显影响;HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-离子特异性效应的强弱在不同比例蒙脱石/胡敏酸体系中表现为96%蒙脱石+4%胡敏酸 >> 99%蒙脱石+1%胡敏酸 > 100%蒙脱石.以上结果表明HPO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-对蒙脱石-胡敏酸混合胶体的凝聚存在强烈的离子特异性效应,胶体表面附近电场强度直接影响该效应的强弱.     

Oxidant or catalyst for oxidation? The role of manganese oxides in the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS)

Manganese oxides (MnO_x) have been demonstrated to be effective materials to activate Oxone (i.e., PMS) to degrade various contaminants. However, the contribution of direct oxidation by MnO_x to the total contaminant degradation under acidic conditions was often neglected in the published work, which has resulted in different and even conflicting interpretations of the reaction mechanisms. Here, the role of MnO_x (as both oxidants and catalysts) in the activation of Oxone was briefly discussed. The findings offered new insights into the reaction mechanisms in PMS-MnO_x and provided a more accurate approach to examine contaminant degradation for water/wastewater treatment.     

西太平洋海域海水和雨水的化学特征

本工作测定了西太平洋海域中海水、海水悬浮物和海面上雨水的元素组成和浓度。通过富集因子的计算,探讨海面上雨水中微量元素的富集程度及其来源,讨论了海面上气溶胶粒子大小与洗出因子的关系,结果表明不同质量粒径大小的微量元素在公海上具有相似的洗出因子。     

沈阳市区大气颗粒物元素组分及其分布

本研究采用美国安德逊五段冲击式采样器进行大气颗粒物采样，用中子活化法进行分析，获得４３种元素质量浓度，并求得各种元素的质量中值直径和几何标准差。     

不同活化条件下粉煤灰中锂的酸碱溶出特性

粉煤灰提取氧化铝作为其资源高值利用的重要途径之一引起广泛关注.由于粉煤灰中还含有一定丰度Li（锂）元素,在提取氧化铝的同时实现Li的协同提取对于进一步提高粉煤灰的资源利用效益意义重大.为认识粉煤灰中Li的溶出特性,分别考察了原粉煤灰、CaO煅烧活化粉煤灰和Na₂CO₃煅烧活化粉煤灰中Li在酸性溶液和碱性溶液中的溶出特性,并采用XRD（X-射线衍射）分析了粉煤灰浸取前后的物相变化,结合Li溶出率的变化,阐释了Li在不同浸出条件下溶出率差异的原因.结果表明:在相同浸出温度（100℃）下粉煤灰直接在酸性溶液和碱性溶液中的溶出率相对较低,分别仅为28%和36%;而经CaO和Na₂CO₃活化后粉煤灰中Li的溶出率显著提高,活化后粉煤灰中Li在酸性溶液中的溶出率可达到98%和86%,均高于碱性溶液中Li的溶出率（86%和67%）.XRD的分析结果进一步表明,部分Li可能赋存于非晶相或晶相表面,这部分Li易于被酸或碱直接浸出;部分Li可能镶嵌在莫来石、石英等晶相内部,不易被溶出,经CaO和Na₂CO₃助剂活化后,部分Li又重新嵌入到钙黄长石、霞石等新生成物相的晶格中,而这些物相更易于与酸反应,因而酸性溶液中Li的溶出率普遍高于碱性溶液中的结果.