活化温度对竹柳基活性炭性能及其制备过程中副产物组成的影响

以一种常见的环境修复材料竹柳为原料来制备竹柳基活性炭(WAC),考察了不同活化温度(400、450、500、550、600℃和650℃)对WAC性质及其除污染性能的影响,同时评估了制备过程中气态和液态副产物的生成规律与利用潜能.结果表明,随着活化温度的升高,WAC产率下降,热解油产率上升,而热解气产率相对稳定.六组WAC均具有较高的比表面积(BET),最高可达1526 m2·g-1,但BET值随活化温度的升高呈下降趋势;WAC的碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值最高可达1122.25 mg·g-1和415.50 mg·g-1,对重金属Pb2+和硝基苯的最大吸附量分别为9.20mg·g-1和4.21 mmol·g-1.WAC制备过程中热解气主要组分为H2、CH4、CO和CO2,随活化温度升高,H2和CH4含量上升,CO2含量下降,热解气的总燃烧热值升高.热解油的组分较为复杂,杂环类、烷烃类、烯烃类和有机酸类有机物含量较高,且随活化温度变化明显,在活化温度为650℃时,热解油的燃烧热最大.     

Adsorption of Mn2+ from aqueous solution using Fe and Mn oxide-coated sand

The adsorption of Mn²⁺ onto immobilized Mn-oxide and Fe-oxide adsorbent such as manganese oxide-coated sand1 (MOCS1), manganese oxide-coated sand2 (MOCS2), iron oxide-coated sand2 (IOCS2), and manganese and iron oxide-coated sand (MIOCS) was investigated. The effects of pH (5.5 to 8.0) and temperature (25 to 45℃) on the equilibrium capacity were examined. Equilibrium studies showed that there is a good fit with both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm, which indicates surface heterogeneity and monolayer adsorption of the adsorbents. Kinetic data showed high correlation with the pseudo second-order model, which signifies a chemisorption-controlled mechanism. The activation energies, activation parameters (ΔG^*, ΔH^*, ΔS^*), and thermodynamic parameters (ΔG⁰, ΔH⁰, ΔS⁰) confirmed that adsorption with MIOCS was endothermic and more spontaneous at higher temperature while an opposite trend was observed for the other adsorbents. Thermodynamic studies showed that adsorption involved formation of activated complex, where MOCS1 and MIOCS follow a physical-chemical mechanism, while MOCS2 and IOCS2 follows purely chemical mechanism.     

热活化过硫酸盐降解水体和土壤中氰化物的效能和机制

近年来,氰化物引发的环境问题日益受到关注,但相关研究较少.本文利用热活化过硫酸盐技术对水体和土壤中的氰化物的降解过程和机制进行了研究,以期为氰化物的去除提供依据.首先采用批式实验,探究了温度、过硫酸盐添加量和初始pH对水溶液中氰化物降解效果的影响,然后在水溶液氰化物降解实验基础上,采用模配土壤进行了土壤氰化物降解实验.水溶液氰化物降解实验的研究结果表明,过硫酸盐 添加量和温度对于氰化物的降解具有显著影响.当温度从25 ℃升高到70 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从11.06%和17.66%升高到98.12%和97.94%.过硫酸盐添加量从0.5 g?L^-1提高至3 g?L^-1时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从38.27%和35.82%升高到99.05%和99.66%.当 体系的初始pH值为4.5~9.0时,初始pH对于氰化物的降解影响并不明显,但当pH为强碱性时（如pH=12）,氰化物的降解效果受到显著抑制.土壤氰化物降解实验的结果表明,当活化温度为60 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解效率均随过硫酸盐增加而升高,最高降解率分别达46.88%和56.04%.与水溶液中氰化物的降解情况进行对比,发现土壤中氰化物的降解效率远低于水溶液体系.通过探究4种共存阴离子（包括Cl^-、CO₃^2-、H₂PO₄^-、腐殖酸）对氰化物降解过程的影响,发现腐殖酸对氰化物的降解呈现显著的抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越明显,这可能是影响 土壤系统中氰化物降解效率重要原因.本研究通过自由基淬灭实验及氰化物降解产物分析试验证实热激发过硫酸盐产生的SO₄^.-和HO^.对氰化物降解起重要作用,将各种金属-氰络合物最终降解为NO₃^-和CO₂等终产物.     

零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解污水中萘普生的研究

为了提高零价铁(ZVI)活化过硫酸盐(PS)的ZVI/PS体系对有机污染物萘普生(NAP)处理的技术水平,即实现对污水中NAP的有效降解.采用对比试验,通过设置不同投加量的PS与ZVI的方式,观察在不同酸碱度条件下NAP的降解量.研究结果表明,酸性条件下,当PS投加量为0.5mM或ZVI投加量为1.50mM时,NAP的...     

双氧化剂光催化降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物

采用过硫酸钠/双氧水双氧化体系光催化氧化降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物,考察了过硫酸钠/双氧水的投加比例、紫外光强、溶液pH以及邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)的初始浓度等因素对降解率的影响,并在优化条件下对降解反应的动力学进行了考察。结果表明:室温下,过硫酸钠和双氧水浓度均为0.2mol/L且体积比为1:1,pH=7.0,光照距离为0.5cm,反应80min,DOP降解率达98%以上,反应动力学研究表明,过硫酸钠/双氧水双氧化体系光催化氧化降解水中DOP反应为表观一级。优于相同条件下两种氧化剂单独使用对DOP的降解效果。     

Determining distribution of heavy metal pollution in terms of ecological risk levels in soil of industrially intensive areas around Istanbul

The aims of the present study were to measure the concentrations of As, Cr, Co, Fe, and Zn in soils from two heavily industrialized areas and to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution by using the indices enrichment factor and the geo-accumulation index, as well as assessing the potential ecological risk. The concentrations of the selected elements in the environmental samples were determined by the neutron activation analysis. The pollutant concentrations in the studied areas showed that the soils were characterized by a high pollution from As and Cr due to the industrial facilities in the area. The concentrations in the Tuzla industrial area were 79–1215 mg/kg of Cr, 17–84 mg/kg of As, 22,000–54,000 mg/kg of Fe, 101–258 mg/kg of Zn, and 8–23 mg/kg of Co. The results for the Cerkezkoy industrial area were found to be 46–196 mg/kg of Cr, 6–24 mg/kg of As, 17,000–25,000 mg/kg of Fe, 67–136 mg/kg of Zn, and 7–10 mg/kg of Co. The contamination in the soils from heavy metals was assessed based on enrichment factor, geo-accumulation factors, and ecological risk indices. The results were compared with the data from other industrial areas in Turkey. It was found that the metals As and Cr showed higher concentrations in Tuzla than in other examined industrial areas. The results for Cerkezkoy industrial area indicate that the area is not as contaminated as the other industrial areas in Turkey.     

The two faces of high self‐monitors: Chameleonic moderating effects of self‐monitoring on the relationships between personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors

This study examines whether and how self‐monitoring moderates the relationships between two personality traits (agreeableness and conscientiousness) and counterproductive work behavior directed toward the organization (CWB‐O) and toward other employees (CWB‐I). High self‐monitors strive to attain personal goals related to status and prestige enhancement by adjusting their behavior to what the situation requires or allows for. We propose that the status enhancement motive can take on two different yet related forms—impression management (interpersonal potency) and opportunism (win‐at‐all‐costs)—depending on relevant situational cues. We hypothesize that in public, interpersonal settings where their behavior is visible to others, high self‐monitors' desire to enhance their status by looking good to others suppresses the natural expression of low agreeableness via increased engagement in CWB‐I. Conversely, we hypothesize that in private, non‐interpersonal settings where their behavior is rarely visible to others, high self‐monitors' desire to enhance their status by doing whatever it takes to get what they want intensifies the natural expression of low conscientiousness via increased engagement in CWB‐O. On the basis of two independent samples of participants, results of moderated multiple regression analyses provided support for the hypotheses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

溶磷细菌筛选及在复垦土壤上对难溶态磷的活化作用

为研究溶磷细菌在复垦土壤上对难溶态磷的活化作用,通过PVK平板法从石灰性土壤中分离筛选出7株溶磷细菌,7株菌株的溶磷能力在296.5～563.5 mg/L之间,菌株的溶磷能力与溶磷圈直径（D）与菌落直径（d）的比值呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;16sRNA序列分析表明,W1、W6属于Enterobacter sp.,W2、W4属于Burkholderia sp.,W3、W5属于Rahnella sp.,W7属于Fluorescent pseudomonas。选择W3、W4、W7作为试验菌株,以磷酸三钙、磷矿粉为难溶态磷源,研究单菌株及组合菌株在配施难溶态磷酸盐条件下对复垦土壤有效磷、各形态无机磷含量及油菜产量的影响。结果表明,同一底物下溶磷细菌各处理复垦土壤有效磷含量和油菜产量显著高于基质处理（p<0.05）,组合菌株处理优于单菌株处理,W3+W4+W7处理两项指标都最高;在溶磷细菌+磷酸三钙底物下,W3+W4+W7处理复垦土壤有效磷含量和油菜产量分别比单施溶磷细菌、溶磷细菌+磷矿粉两个底物下同一处理显著增加94.81%、40.25%和34.13%、9.43%;相同底物下溶磷细菌各处理复垦土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量都高于基质处理,Ca₁₀-P含量小于基质处理,O-P含量与基质处理差异不显著。这一结果可为溶磷细菌在复垦土壤上应用技术的研发提供理论基础。     

交流干扰下碱性环境中富锌环氧涂层失效机制研究

目的 揭示碱性环境下交流干扰对富锌环氧涂层失效机制的影响.方法 以富锌环氧涂层为研究对象,以X80钢为基体,手工涂敷形成带涂层的X80钢样品,通过五点测试法确定涂层厚度为(25±5)μm,施加交流干扰电压.通过电化学测试,研究涂层样品在3％(质量分数)NaOH溶液中随浸泡时间的电化学阻抗变化特征,揭示交流电对富锌环氧涂层的作用机制.结果 在碱性环境下,锌粉更有利于活化,但是反应速率也更快,导致活化的锌粉表面能够迅速形成腐蚀产物Zn(OH)2和Zn(OH)42-,阻止锌粉之间的电连接,同时基体Fe在碱性环境中容易发生钝化,极大地减弱了涂层与金属基体的湿结合力.当交流干扰存在时,活化锌粉的反应过程非常迅速,以至于不能形成有效的电连接和阴极保护.结论 交流干扰能够抑制锌颗粒的活化过程(ZnO→Zn(OH)2/Zn(OH)42-),促进活化锌颗粒的反应过程,削弱锌的阴极保护作用.     

不同污染条件下南京春季CCN活化特征分析

在2018年3~4月对南京北郊地区的气溶胶开展了云凝结核（CCN）特征的外场观测,并结合气象数据、PM_2.5浓度和化学组分信息以及光学特性等数据,对观测期间的污染天和清洁天进行了对比,分析了典型污染过程和新粒子生成天的CCN特征.结果表明,本次观测中气溶胶CCN活性总体较高,各过饱和度（SS）下的平均吸湿性参数（κ）为0.30,在最低过饱和度下（SS=0.17%）κ最低,且最大活化率（B）仅为0.72,表明气溶胶中有较多不易活化的物质.污染天κ高于清洁天,但活化率更低且外混程度更高,主要是受交通和工业排放的吸湿性较差的粒子影响,而颗粒物在夜间可迅速老化,使其吸湿性提升,CCN数浓度增加.新粒子生成天的κ受到粒子成核的影响有明显日变化,对总气溶胶数浓度（N_CN）和CCN数浓度（N_CCN）也有显著贡献.