天然有机物活化过硫酸盐降解土壤有机污染物效果

采用模拟装置研究了不同大分子物质(多聚糖、腐殖酸、柠檬酸)联合亚铁离子和不同糖类(单聚糖、双聚糖、多聚糖)活化过硫酸盐氧化降解土壤中石油烃、多环芳烃的氧化效果和机制.结果表明,不同活化过硫酸盐对总石油烃和多环芳烃的降解效果依次为:腐殖酸联合亚铁离子多糖柠檬酸螯合铁多糖加亚铁离子双糖单糖CK对照组.其中,腐殖酸联合亚铁离子活化过硫酸盐对两种污染物的去除效率最高,分别达79.21%和79.89%,处理后土壤中石油烃的反弹含量最小,氧化效果最稳定.此外,腐殖酸联合亚铁离子和多糖活化过硫酸盐对难降解的高环多环芳烃均能实现很好的去除效果,降解效率分别达77.96%和84.37%,相比其他处理提高了14.37%~59.10%和20.78%~65.51%.腐殖酸联合亚铁离子活化处理后土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)最高(618~676 m V),多糖处理次之,表明大分子材料活化过硫酸盐的氧化性能最好,能高效去除土壤中有机污染物.     

加热与零价铁活化S2O8^2-氧化降解偶氮染料AO7的研究

以偶氮染料酸性橙AO7为目标污染物,研究了单独的热活化及零价铁（ZVI）活化S2O28-（PS）降解AO7过程温度、PS浓度及ZVI投加量对AO7降解率的影响,并将2种活化方式进行了对比,最终将其联合以期获得最好的降解效果.结果表明,热活化体系对AO7的降解符合一级动力学,其反应速率随温度（室温～90℃）升高而增加,随...     

双氧化剂光催化降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物

采用过硫酸钠/双氧水双氧化体系光催化氧化降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物,考察了过硫酸钠/双氧水的投加比例、紫外光强、溶液pH以及邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)的初始浓度等因素对降解率的影响,并在优化条件下对降解反应的动力学进行了考察。结果表明:室温下,过硫酸钠和双氧水浓度均为0.2mol/L且体积比为1:1,pH=7.0,光照距离为0.5cm,反应80min,DOP降解率达98%以上,反应动力学研究表明,过硫酸钠/双氧水双氧化体系光催化氧化降解水中DOP反应为表观一级。优于相同条件下两种氧化剂单独使用对DOP的降解效果。     

低钙粉煤灰活化制备防水涂料的试验研究

粉煤灰是燃煤电厂排放的粉状固体废弃物,已带来诸多的生态、环境问题。文章以攀枝花电厂低钙粉煤灰为原料,通过对其改性、化学激发制备具有较好防水效果、高掺量、高附加值的水泥基粉煤灰防水涂料。研究了粉煤灰改性、化学激发,以及同时改性与化学激发三种状况下所形成的粉煤灰防水涂料产品性能。研究了硫酸盐、硅酸盐两种化学激发剂体系下粉煤灰防水涂料性能。通过微观XRD、SEM分析,研究了粉煤灰的活化效果。结果表明:粉煤灰经表面改性后,改善了涂料的和易性,抗渗压力比原灰提高67%,比化学激发灰提高了25%。粉煤灰经同时表面改性与化学激发后抗渗能力比原灰提高了127%。硫酸盐激发体系活化效果好于硅酸盐体系。经硫酸盐体系活化的粉煤灰防水涂料15d的抗压强度、抗折强度、抗渗压力,以及渗透压力比均高于GB18445-2001标准28d值。     

Advanced techniques in air pollution†

Specific usage of neutron activation analysis, charged particle analysis, y photons analysis, G.C.M.S. coupling, stable isotope dilution techniques, are discussed.

Dust collected on filters, oxygenated compounds in exhaust gases from car engines, nitrogen oxides, have thus been determined.

Special calibration methods for ozone, and remote detection by Lidar Raman are also described.     

Cellular response of mouse splenocytes to heavy metals exposure

Among the environmental contaminants recognised for their toxicity and their global presence, heavy metals are certainly a major concern. They can elicit a number of immunomodulatory effects leading ultimately to an enhanced susceptibility (sensitivity) of immune cells to microbial agents and the appearance of neoplastic diseases and autoimmune phenomena. Heavy metals also provoke changes in the function(s) of immune cells. A striking biological effect of heavy metals is the induction of intracellular thiols (cysteine, glutathione, metallothioneins). Thiols are involved in many physiological processes, including protection from free radical damage and detoxification of chemicals. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences of susceptibility (sensitivity) in both pre-activated (concanavalin A was used) and non-pre-activated cells in the presence of heavy metals. Five were evaluated on murine splenocytes. The lymphoblastic proliferation test was performed for lymphocytes and a phagocytosis test for macrophages. Data showed that the levels of thiols in the pre-activated cells are greater than non-pre-activated cells following exposure to various heavy metals; macrophages were more resistant than lymphocytes to the toxic effects of heavy metals, and pre-activated cells were more resistant than cells at rest. One possible explanation is that macrophages produce more thiols than lymphocytes and this provides an increased protection from the deleterious effects of heavy metals.     

Neutron activation and atomic absorption analysis of Ulva Lactuca and Gracilaria Verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf,Greece

NAA and AAS have been applied to determine the content of As, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sm and Zn in Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. The analytical data has been subjected to cluster and stepwise discriminant analysis. Thus the influence of some industrial sources on the pollution of water in the Gulf is detected and correlation between Zn‐Co‐Cr‐La; Br‐K; Cu‐Ni; Cd‐Sb‐Mn in the investigated algae is established.     

Bioleaching of copper from pre and post thermally activated low grade chalcopyrite contained ball mill spillage

Bioleaching of a low grade chalcopyrite (ball mill spillage material) was tested for copper recovery in shake flasks. The original samples (as received) were thermally activated (600°C, 30 min) to notice the change in physico-chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the host rock and subsequently its effect on copper recovery. A mixed culture of acidophilic chemolithotrophic bacterial consortium predominantly entailing Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain was used for bioleaching studies and optimization of process parameters of both original and thermally activated samples. Mineralogical characterization studies indicated the presence of chalcopyrite, pyrite in the silicate matrix of the granitic rock. Field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with Energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis indicated mostly SiO₂. With pH 2, pulp density 10% w/v, inoculum 10% v/v, temperature 30°C, 150 r·min^-1, 49% copper could be recovered in 30 days from the finest particle size (-1+ 0.75 mm) of the original spillage sample. Under similar conditions 95% copper could be recovered from the thermally activated sample with the same size fraction in 10 days. The study revealed that thermal activation leads to volume expansion in the rock with the development of cracks, micro and macro pores on its surface, thereby enabling bacterial solution to penetrate more easily into the body, facilitating enhanced copper dissolution.     

Adsorption of benzene and toluene from waste gas using activated carbon activated by ZnCl2

A series of activated carbons with high surface area were prepared from walnut shell using chemical activation with ZnCl2. In this research the carbonization stage was carried out at 500℃. The performance of the synthesized carbons evaluated in adsorption of benzene and toluene from waste gas. The influence of impregnation ratio on the characteristics of synthesized activated carbons as well as their adsorption capacity was investigated. The ratio of activation agent to walnut shell was selected in the range of 0.5-2.0 wt/wt. The synthesized activated carbons were characterized using XRD, SEM, BET and FTIR techniques. The highest activated carbon production yield was obtained at impregnation ratio of 1.5 wt/wt. The XRD analysis illustrated that peaks intensity decreased with increasing impregnation ratio showing that amorphous property of samples was increased. The SEM analysis revealed successful pore development in synthesized activated carbons obtained at high impregnation ratios. The surface area of the activated carbons increased with increasing impregnation ratio and its maximum value reached 2643 m2.g 1 at impregnation ratio of 2/1. FTIR analysis indicated that the relative amount of different acidic surface groups on synthesized carbons was a function of impregnation ratio. Experimental results for benzene and toluene adsorption showed a high potential of employing synthesized impregnated activated carbon for treatment of waste gas. Generally, the amount of VOC adsorbed on the surface was affected by physicochemical properties of synthesized activated carbons.     

中子活化分析环境样品干扰元素的分离

环境样品使用中子活化法分析,在γ多道测量过程中,常有干扰发生。若将铜载体加入松叶分解液中,可与CH_3CSNH_2反应形成硫化物沉淀,在共沉淀过程中可去除干扰元素。在不同的pH条件下,松叶中各种被测元素的回收率不同。使用放射性核素示踪方法测量,当pH增大时,Ag、Cd和Cu的回收率随之增大,而Sb和As的回收率将减小,Hg的回收率变化不大。