Comparative survey of levels of chlorinated cyclodiene pesticides in breast milk from some cities of China, Korea and Japan

Exposure of mothers to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was assessed by measuring the levels of 20 OCPs in 70 human breast milk samples pooled from 210 individuals from China, Korea and Japan. The OCPs were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) monitoring. The results showed that β-hexachlorocyclohexane and hexachlorobenzene were one order of magnitude higher in China than in the other nations, whereas chlordanes and polychlorinated biphenyl levels were highest in Japan. Heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, toxaphenes and mirex were detected in most samples, and levels of these chemicals were significantly higher in Japan (0.8-4.5 ng g⁻¹ lipid), followed by Korea (0.2-4.7 ng g⁻¹ lipid), and lowest in China (less than 1.0 ng g⁻¹ lipid). α- and β-endosulfans were detected at a range of 0.9-1.5 ng g⁻¹ lipid levels in all samples analyzed, and their levels were higher in Korean than in Chinese samples.     

Conducting model ecosystem studies in tropical climate zones: lessons learned from Thailand and way forward

Little research has been done so far into the environmental fate and side effects of pesticides in the tropics. In addition, those studies conducted in tropical regions have focused almost exclusively on single species laboratory tests. Hence, fate and effects of pesticides on higher-tier levels have barely been studied under tropical conditions. To address this lack of knowledge, four outdoor aquatic model ecosystem experiments using two different test systems were conducted in Thailand evaluating the insecticide chlorpyrifos, the herbicide linuron and the fungicide carbendazim. Results of these experiments and comparisons of recorded fate and effects with temperate studies have been published previously. The present paper discusses the pros and cons of the methodologies applied and provides indications for i) possible improvements; ii) important aspects that should be considered when performing model ecosystem experiments in the tropics; iii) future research.     

液液萃取-气质联用法测定水中20种农药类有机物

采用液液萃取-气质联用法同时测定水中20种农药类有机物。对前处理过程中萃取剂的选择、用量,萃取时间,盐析剂用量,有机改进剂的加入等条件进行了优化,使得各组分在0．500μg/L～50．0μg/L范围内线性良好。方法检出限为0．02μg/L～0．19μg/L;平行测定7次混合标准溶液,RSD为0．3％～9．1％;对20种农药类有机物混合标准溶液进行加标回收试验,回收率为90．5％～110％。该方法优化了《生活饮用水标准检验方法》（ GB 5750-2006）中农药类有机污染物的检测方法,满足常规测定的要求。     

环境样品中农药的前处理及检测技术研究进展

综述了近年来农药环境样品的前处理及检测技术,介绍了各种前处理和检测技术的应用情况,在此基础上对环境中残留农药的前处理及检测技术的发展进行了展望.     

Developing climatic scenarios for pesticide fate modelling in Europe

A climatic classification for Europe suitable for pesticide fate modelling was constructed using a 3-stage process involving the identification of key climatic variables, the extraction of the dominant modes of spatial variability in those variables and the use of k-means clustering to identify regions with similar climates. The procedure identified 16 coherent zones that reflect the variability of climate across Europe whilst maintaining a manageable number of zones for subsequent modelling studies. An analysis of basic climatic parameters for each zone demonstrates the success of the scheme in identifying distinct climatic regions. Objective criteria were used to identify one representative 26-year daily meteorological series from a European dataset for each zone. The representativeness of each series was then verified against the zonal classifications. These new FOOTPRINT climate zones provide a state-of-the-art objective classification of European climate complete with representative daily data that are suitable for use in pesticide fate modelling.     

Development of an immunochromatographic assay for the rapid detection of bromoxynil in water

A rapid immunochromatographic one-step strip test was developed to specifically determine bromoxynil in surface and drinking water by competitive inhibition with the nano colloidal gold-conjugated monoclonal antibody (mAb). Bromoxynil standard samples of 0.01–10 mg L⁻¹ in water were tested by this method and the visual limit was 0.06 mg L⁻¹. The assay only required 5 min and one-step by dispensing a drop of sample solution onto a strip. Parallel analysis of water samples with bromoxynil showed comparable results from one-step strip test and ELISA. Therefore, the one-step strip test is very useful as a screening method for qualitative detection of bromoxynil in water.     

Characterizing pesticide sorption and degradation in macro scale biopurification systems using column displacement experiments

The efficiency of biopurification systems to treat pesticide-contaminated water was previously studied in microcosms. To validate the obtained results, macrocosm systems were set-up. Four pesticides (linuron, isoproturon, bentazone, and metalaxyl) were continuously applied to ten different organic substrate mixes. Retention of the pesticides was similar and in some cases slightly lower in the macrocosms compared to the microcosms. Differences in retention between the different mixes were however minimal. Moreover, the classification of the retention strength of the pesticides was identical to that observed in microcosms: linuron > isoproturon > metalaxyl > bentazone. Monod kinetics were used to describe delayed degradation, which occurred for isoproturon, metalaxyl and bentazone. No breakthrough of linuron was observed, thus, this pesticide was appointed as the most retained and/or degraded pesticide, followed by isoproturon, metalaxyl and bentazone. Finally, most of the matrix mixes efficient in degrading or retaining pesticides were mixes containing dried cow manure.     

Accumulation of Endosulfan in Wild Rat, Rattus norvegious as a Result of Application to Soya Bean in Mazoe (Zimbabwe)

An assessment of levels of endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate in rats collected from a plot sprayed with endosulfan was carried out for a period of four months. The analysis was carried out in the livers, muscles and fatty tissues of the rats using Gas Chromatography. Samples were ground with sodium sulphate and aluminium oxide and the analyte soxhlet extracted with hexane. The extract was then cleaned by florisil column chromatography. Levels of endosulfan in rats were found to range in livers from 0.356 to 5.807 ppb, in muscles from 0.089 to 5.167 ppb and in fatty tissues from 0.083 to 4.785 ppb. Levels of endosulfan sulphate correlated well with those of endosulfan and ranged in livers from 0.00 to 3.96 ppb, in muscles from 0.00 to 3.37 ppb and in fatty tissue from 0.00 to 2.93 ppb. In the control rats samples, collected from an unsprayed area in the city of Harare (University of Zimbabwe), no endosulfan could be detected.     

本溪县农业面源污染现状及防治对策

通过科学的调研数据,重点分析了本溪县农药、化肥和农膜造成的环境污染。调查结果表明,本溪县农药、化肥和农膜的大量施用,虽然可以提高农作物的产量,但也会对人、土地、水体和生物等产生诸多不利的影响,从而提出相应的治理对策。建议发展生态农业,加强监督管理,研究制定相应的污染控制政策与措施。