浅谈如何开展环境监测类设施公众开放日活动

随着城市工业化的快速发展,突发性环境污染事故逐渐增多,因此,环境公众开放日活动显得尤为重要。本文结合实际情况,探讨如何开展监测类公众开放日活动。     

4种典型有害赤潮原因种的溶血特性研究

对4种典型赤潮原因种的细胞和培养水中的溶血特性进行了研究.藻种分别是:赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)的两个品系,微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum),东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和微小卡罗藻(Karlodinum micrum).对各藻类的去藻上清液和超声破碎细胞提取液进行了溶血性检测,发现:几种赤潮种对鲫鱼红血细胞的溶血特性具有种间差异,同藻种的细胞与其培养水中的溶血强度存在差异.具体表现为:赤潮异弯藻具有最强的溶血性,去藻上清液的溶血性(60￣100%)远大于超声破碎细胞提取液的溶血性(30￣60%);微小卡罗藻超声破碎细胞提取液的溶血性(70%)大于去藻上清液的溶血性(30%),且是各藻超声破碎细胞提取液溶血性中最强的;东海原甲藻和微小亚历山大藻溶血性较弱,微小亚历山大藻去藻上清液的溶血性(30%)略大于超声破碎细胞提取液的溶血性(10%),东海原甲藻两部分的溶血性差异不显著.赤潮种类及其细胞内外的溶血特性在一定程度上显示了赤潮原因种在赤潮致害过程中的特征.     

Effect of Cadmium on Microbial Activity and a Ryegrass Crop in Two Semiarid Soils

Soil pollution with Cd is an environmental problem common in the world, and it is necessary to establish what Cd concentrations in soil could be dangerous to its fertility from toxicity effects and the risk of transference of this element to plants and other organisms of the food chain. In this study, we assessed Cd toxicity on soil microorganisms and plants in two semiarid soils (uncultivated and cultivated). Soil ATP content, dehydrogenase activity, and plant growth were measured in the two soils spiked with concentrations ranging from 3 to 8000 mg Cd/kg soil and incubated for 3 h, 20 days, and 60 days. The Cd concentrations that produced 5%; 10%;, and 50%; inhibition of each of the two soil microbiological parameter studied (ecological dose, ED, values) were calculated using two different mathematical models. Also, the effect of Cd concentration on plant growth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne, L.) was studied in the two soils. The Cd ED values calculated for soil dehydrogenase activity and ATP content were higher in the agricultural soils than in the bare soil. For ATP inhibition, higher ED values were calculated than for dehydrogenase activity inhibition. The average yields of ryegrass were reduced from 5.03 to 3.56 g in abandoned soil and from 4.21 to 1.15 g in agricultural soil with increasing concentrations of Cd in the soil. Plant growth was totally inhibited in abandoned and agricultural soils at Cd concentrations above 2000 and 5000 mg/kg soil, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the concentration of Cd in the plants and the total or DTPA-extractable concentrations of Cd in the soil.     

低强度超声波强化污水生物处理机制

研究发现低强度的超声辐照可以有效促进微生物的活性,可将其用于强化污水的生物处理,通过增强反应器内微生物的活性来提高污水的处理效率.本文综述了超声波在生物工程和生物学上的国内外研究成果,对低强度超声波的生物效应以及在促进生物活性中的主要作用机制进行了探讨,并分析了其在强化污水生物处理中的应用前景.     

Effect of fipronil on biogas production performance during anaerobic digestion of chicken manure and corn straw

Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that has a good control effect on pests of commercial poultry. Although many studies have reported the environmental fate of fipronil, the influence of residual fipronil in poultry waste on biogas production has not been further explored yet. In this article, an experimental comparative study on anaerobic digestion (AD) of chicken manure (CM) and corn straw (CS) with different fipronil concentrations (FCs) was carried at 8% of total solid (TS) and mid-temperature (35?±?1)°C. The results showed that fipronil had a significant effect on biogas production during AD of CM and CS. When the FC is at a low level (≤10?mg·kg^?1), the biogas production rate is increased and the digestion period was shortened, while higher FC (≥ 20?mg·kg^?1) showed an inhibitory effect. During the monitoring of enzyme activity, low FC showed no significant effect on cellulase and saccharase, but the urease activity increased in the early stage. High FC showed inhibition of activity of cellulase and urease, but the saccharase activity was significantly inhibited until FC reached 40?mg·kg^?1. This study also confirms that the environment in anaerobic digester is favorable for the degradation of fipronil, and its half-life is about 15.83?days.     

Determination of microbiological contamination,antibacterial and antioxidant activities of natural plant hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) pollen

The aim of our study is to determine microbial contamination, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of 14 pollen samples of Corylus avellana collected from different locations in Slovakia. Microbiological analysis was carried out in two steps: microbiological assays and studies of antibacterial activity of pollen extracts. The antimicrobial properties of pollen extracts were carried out with the disc-diffusion method. Methanol (70%), ethanol (70%) and distilled water were used for pollen extracts. Five strains of bacteria such as gram-negative (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica CCM 3807, Escherichia coli CCM 2024, and Yersinia enterocolitica CCM 5671) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus CCM 2461 and Bacillus thuringiensis CCM 19T) were tested. Antioxidant activity of pollen extracts was determined by the DPPH method. Bacterial analysis includes the determination of the total bacterial count ranged from 4.08 to 4.61 log CFU g^?1, mesophilic aerobic bacteria ranged from 3.40 to 4.89 log CFU g^?1, mesophilic anaerobic bacteria ranged from 3.20 to 4.52 log CFU g^?1, coliform bacteria ranged from 3.30 to 4.55 log CFU g^?1, yeasts and filamentous fungi ranged from 3.00 to 3.56 log CFU g^?1. Microscopic filamentous fungi Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Rhizopus spp., and Paecylomyces spp. were isolated from hazelnut pollen. Yersinia enterocolitica was the most sensitive strain among ethanolic and methanolic pollen hazelnut extracts. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive strain against aqueous hazelnut pollen extracts. We determined the following sensitivity against ethanol pollen extracts respectively: Yersinia enterocolitica?>?Salmonella enterica?>?Staphylococcus aureus?>?Bacillus thuringiensis?>?Escherichia coli. Methanol pollen extracts had shown following sensitivity: Yersinia enterocolitica?>?Salmonella enterica?>?Escherichia coli?>?Staphylococcus aureus?>?Bacillus thuringiensis. Aqueous extracts had shown the following sensitivity: Staphylococcus aureus?>?Salmonella enterica?>?Escherichia coli?>?Bacillus thuringiensis?>?Yersinia enterocolitica. Hazelnut pollen extracts have over 82% antioxidant capacity in samples from non-urban zones. An elevated level of antioxidant potential in the pollen is determined by its biological properties conditioned by biologically active substances. DPPH method allowed characterizing pollen as a source of antioxidants.     

Ce(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光化学反应的影响

用水培法研究Ce(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光化学反应的影响.结果表明, 20 mg·L^-1 CeCl₃使大豆幼苗净光合速率(Pn)、Hill反应、Mg²⁺-ATPase活性与光合磷酸化活力4项指标较对照提高23.2%～14.3%; 有效抑制UV-B辐射(T₁=0.15 W·m^-2和T₂=0.45 W·m^-2)胁迫下4项指标下降, 4项指标降幅［Ce(Ⅲ)+T₁为36.6%～15.9%,Ce(Ⅲ)+T₂为65.6%～33.2%］小于对应的UV-B辐射组(T₁为50.9%～23.3%,T₂为77.3%～51.4%). 动态变化显示, Ce(Ⅲ)减缓了胁迫期4项指标的下降趋势,促进了恢复期4项指标上升幅度. 说明Ce(Ⅲ)通过减轻UV-B辐射对大豆幼苗光化学反应的伤害, 遏制UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗Pn下降.     

SBR反应器中有机物去除与硝化反硝化过程INT-ETS活性变化

通过检测不同进水氨氮浓度和有机物浓度下的SBR工艺系统的INT-ETS活性,研究了SBR工艺去除有机物与硝化反硝化过程中污泥生物活性的变化规律.结果表明,INT-ETS活性可以有效地表征SBR工艺系统的生化反应进程;SBR工艺一个反应周期内,有机物降解、硝化和反硝化阶段生物活性依次降低;当进水COD为300 mg/L,氨氮为40 mg/L时,系统的INT-ETS活性从232.59 mg/(g·h)下降到190.65 mg/(g·h),最终降至113.88 mg/(g·h);伴随有机物的去除和硝化反硝化的进程,INT-ETS活性一般会出现特征点,预示着不同反应阶段的开始与结束;通过不同进水氨氮浓度(14.5 mg/L 和42.0 mg/L)和有机物浓度(COD为293 mg/L 和685 mg/L)的试验,发现运行条件的变化并未明显改变SBR系统的INT-ETS活性变化规律,但会影响INT-ETS活性曲线上标志不同反应阶段的特征点出现时间.     

施工工地出口附近道路交通扬尘排放特征研究

为了量化施工工地附近社会道路因施工运输车辆带泥及遗撒造成的二次交通扬尘,对4个典型工地出口2个方向社会道路尘负荷进行了采样分析,根据AP-42交通扬尘排放模型,计算和分析了工地出口附近道路交通扬尘排放特征.结果表明,工地出口附近道路尘负荷高于正常道路,随着距离工地出口长度的增加,尘负荷逐渐减小;工地出口2个方向共400 m道路上交通扬尘PM₁₀排放因子为正常道路的2～10倍,因施工增加的排放量相当于422～3?800 m正常道路排放.根据以上结果,结合2002年北京市施工工地时空分布数据,经计算得出,2002年北京市城八区工地出口形成的二次扬尘相当于增加了道路总长度的59%.     

磁场对酪氨酸酶活性及其催化降解酚类有机物影响的研究

研究了恒磁场对酪氨酸酶(TYR)活性及其催化降解酚类有机物的影响.结果显示,不同磁场强度(10～350 mT)处理下TYR酶活性均有提高,最佳磁场强度150mT下酶活力提高了27.1%.不同磁化时间下TYR酶活都有上升,但磁化60min后酶活上升幅度有所下降.酶经磁场处理后对温度、pH值稳定性增强,在温度为20～35 ℃、pH为5.0～10.0时均能保持较高活性,最佳温度为25℃,最佳pH为7.0;磁化后TYR酶的Michaelis常数Km为3.83 mmol·L-1,未磁化的Michaelis常数Km为2.65 mmol·L-1.磁场作用可促进TYR对酚类有机物邻苯二酚、苯酚、2,4-二氯酚的转化,反应速度依次递减,磁化处理对邻苯二酚反应的促进作用尤其明显;磁化处理后的酶对不同浓度苯酚和2,4-二氯酚的去除率均明显高于未磁化处理的酶,且随着酶用量增加,酚去除率提高.荧光发射光谱分析表明,磁化酪氨酸酶的荧光强度增强,构像发生了变化.