煤制气废水总酚负荷对反硝化的抑制效应研究

在高负荷酚类污染物的煤制气废水中,人们往往关注酚类对硝化菌的活性和效率抑制,对反硝化过程的抑制研究不多.为了探明煤制气废水中酚类化合物对反硝化脱氮效率和污泥活性的抑制作用,以缺氧反硝化小试系统为对象,考察了不同酚负荷对反硝化效率(NO~-_3-N和NO~-_2-N去除效率)、对污泥应激活性、降解活性和污泥毒性的影响.结果表明,当总酚浓度从50mg·L~(-1)提高到200 mg·L~(-1)时,NO~-_3-N和NO~-_2-N的去除率分别由83%和80.6%降至55%和25%,且NO~-_2-N的浓度随着NO~-_3-N浓度的降低呈现先上升后下降的趋势.在不同酚负荷的污泥驯化过程中,反硝化污泥的过氧化氢酶活性、脱氢酶活性以及污泥毒性变化趋势基本不变,但随着总酚浓度的升高,过氧化氢酶活性和污泥毒性会上升,脱氢酶活性会下降.     

1株分离自煤矿废水的铁硫氧化细菌LY01的鉴定及其氧化特性研究

从贵州省某煤矿废水中分离出1株嗜酸性的铁硫氧化细菌菌株LY01,经过对该菌株的形态特征、理化特征检测及16S rRNA序列分析,初步鉴定菌株LY01为嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans).在无机盐培养液中菌株LY01可以从氧化Fe2+、单质硫(S0)及黄铁矿(FeS2)获得能量生长,对Fe2+的氧化速率最快,反应30 h即可将44.2 g.L-1的FeSO4.7H2O完全氧化,菌体细胞达到4.2×107个.mL-1;反应21 d可将溶液中10 g.L-1含量的S0氧化6.7%,溶液中SO24-浓度达2 001 mg.L-1,菌体细胞达到8.9×107个.mL-1;反应20 d可将溶液中30 g.L-1含量的FeS2氧化10%,溶液中SO24-浓度达4 443 mg.L-1,菌体细胞达到3.4×108个.mL-1.研究重金属离子Ni2+、Pb2+对菌株LY01氧化FeS2活性的影响,结果发现10～100 mg.L-1的Ni2+对菌株LY01氧化FeS2活性有一定的影响,而10～100 mg.L-1Pb2+对菌株LY01氧化FeS2的活性无影响.     

镉暴露对文蛤雄性生殖细胞的影响

以文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)为实验材料,采用体外暴露法进行镉染毒,镉离子浓度设置为0、1.5、3、6和12 mg·L-1.染毒5天后解剖取材,测量其精子浓度、运动能力、顶体酶活性和核DNA完整性;目的是从生理、生化和分子生物学角度综合评价镉对文蛤雄性生殖细胞的影响.实验结果表明,文蛤精子浓度、运动能力、顶体酶、DNA完整性均在镉浓度小于成体半致死浓度的情况下,与镉浓度呈现出显著的剂量-效应关系.对镉离子的敏感性分别为:DNA完整性＞精子浓度＞顶体酶活性＞快速运动比例＞运动比例.文蛤雄性生殖细胞的生理、生化指标均可作为重金属镉污染海洋贝类毒性效应的指示物.     

Use of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes philippinarum as sentinel organisms for the development of a biosurveillance program in the Pialassa Baiona coastal lagoon (Ravenna, Italy)

The Pialassa Baiona is an intertidal lagoon located north from the town of Ravenna (Italy). It shows a certain degree of contamination caused by past uncontrolled discharges, and we aim at developing a bioassessment program to be used for future monitoring and conservation plans. A battery of six biomarkers (lysosome membrane stability, lipofuscin and neutral lipid accumulation, hsp70 expression, metallothionein levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity) was investigated in Mytilus galloprovincialis transplanted for 30 days in different sites. Tapes philippinarum are widely distributed within the lagoon, and we explored the possibility to use resident clams for future biosurveillance programs. Adenylyl cyclase (ACase) activity was also assessed in tissues of both bivalves as a future possible biomarker. Taken together, our results indicate that mussels are suitable sentinel organisms also within such a peculiar environment; alteration of four biomarkers was observed in tissues of mussels transplanted in two sites out of the five analyzed, indicating their low water quality. T. philippinarum showed a barely detectable AChE activity and absence of neutral lipids in digestive glands, therefore appeared unsuitable for our purpose, at least using the selected battery of biomarkers. ACase activity was not different among animals collected from the different sites.     

Evaluation of The Efficiency of Various Commercial Products for The Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil

Summary Bioremediation has become an important method for the treatment of terrestrial oil spills and is often favoured over strictly physical-chemical methods. In this study, enzymatic analyses and signature lipid biomarkers were employed to evaluate the efficacy of selected bioremediation products on control and oil contaminated soil plots. It is envisioned that these biological indicators may be used as possible adjuncts to the strictly physical-chemical criteria most commonly employed. The application of the enzymatic and signature biomarker methods for product evaluation proved successful. The enzymatic assays provided a valuable insight into shifts in the functional diversity of the soil microbial communities resultant from the various treatments. Stimulation or inhibition of the microbial communities as a result of the various treatments was also demonstrated, particularly with regards to dehydrogenase activity. Phospholipid fatty acid profiles proved sufficiently sensitive to allow differentiation between products and resultant microbial communities that corresponded to satisfactory and unsatisfactory petroleum hydrocarbon removal.     

Soil erosion response to climatic change and human activity during the Quaternary on the Loess Plateau, China

We review published stratigraphic, archaeological and pedosedimentary evidence in order to reconstruct the history of soil erosion in China. Documentary evidence of climatic and flood events of the Yellow River and modern hydrological and meteorological data are synthesised to analyse the history of past human activity and its effects on soil erosion intensity during four nested periods of time during the Quaternary. The most intensive period of erosion during the Quaternary was in the Holocene. During the Holocene, intervals of intensive soil erosion occurred at 7500–7000 BP, 200 BCE–0 CE, 1000–1600 CE (Christian era) and during the 1930s, 1950s and the later part of the 1960s of the last century. Large-scale human activity including warfare during early Chinese history, population migration, the inner wars in 1930s, the Cultural Revolution and the recent national campaign to aid soil and water conservation are all closely related to the rate of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau and to sediment loads in the Yellow River. Overall, soil erosion during the transition from dry-cool to wet-warm climates was more intense than during wet-warm and cool-dry climatic episodes, but serious accelerated soil erosion has occurred during the last 2,500 years because of man-induced devastation of vegetation and other anthropogenic disturbance of the environment. Modern rates of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau are a combination of both intensive natural and human-induced erosions and are some four times greater than occurred in the geological past. The recent implementation of soil and water conservation measures has decreased sediment load in the Yellow River by 25%.     

Activity of root voles (Microtus oeconomus) under snow: social encounters synchronize individual activity rhythms

Microtine rodents usually display short-term activity rhythms synchronized by light. Social interactions have also been suggested to act as a zeitgeber, entraining individual activity, but evidence supporting this is scarce. In areas with a permanent snow cover during winter, small rodents spend most of the time in the subnivean space, between the snow cover and the ground, where they most likely are unaffected by otherwise dominating photoperiodic cues. The subnivean space, however, is fragmented, and this limits movement and may isolate individuals living just a few meters apart. These conditions provide excellent opportunities to test for the existence of social synchronization. During two winters, I experimentally decreased the subnivean fragmentation by placing out a network of corrugated aluminium sheets on the ground before snowfall, thus increasing the potential for movement and social interaction within the subnivean space. Other areas were left as controls. Intensive PIT-tag monitoring in the subnivean system provided individual activity data of root voles (Microtus oeconomus) without disturbing normal activity. The data revealed that microtines under snow displayed a free-running activity rhythm and that the activity was evenly distributed throughout the 24-h day, indicating a lack of photo-entrainment. Despite this lack of light, interacting individuals were synchronous, and pairwise synchrony decreased with decreasing potential for social interactions. These results suggest that social interactions indeed entrain microtine activity. Several possible adaptive advantages of the synchrony of microtine rodent activity have been proposed, and these theories are discussed in light of the result presented.     

城市不同危险人群血铅与ALAD活性和FEP值的关系

本研究测试了某城市６０例暴露于不同浓度空气铅的血铅水平、δ－ＡＬＡＤ活性和ＦＥＰ值。结果表明其血铅水平随暴露程度的增大而升高，δ－ＡＬＡＤ活性则随暴露和蔼的增大而降低，经统计学分析，各组之间存在显著性差异。     

Seasonal Dynamics of Cattle Reproduction in the North

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

基于酶化学计量法探究有机无机肥配施调控果园土壤微生物碳、磷代谢机制

土壤微生物的C、N、P养分需求和代谢限制与环境养分的有效性有着密切关系.然而,有机无机肥配施如何影响苹果园土壤微生物C、N、P代谢限制亟待进一步研究.因此,基于2008年建立的苹果园长期定位试验,应用土壤酶化学计量学理论与方法,系统研究有机无机肥配施对土壤C、N和P周转相关的酶活性（β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶,BG;β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶,NAG;L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶,LAP;碱性磷酸酶,PHOS）及其化学计量特征的影响,并分析其与环境因子和微生物碳利用率之间的关系.试验共设4个处理,分别为不施肥（CK）、单施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）和化肥配施有机肥（MNPK）.结果表明：①在果树各生育期,施用有机肥处理（MNPK和M）的微生物量碳（microC）含量显著高于不施有机肥处理（CK和NPK）;微生物量氮（microN）含量,在萌芽期NPK、MNPK和M处理比CK处理分别增加了89%、269%和213%（P<0.05）.②CK处理在萌芽期有较高的叶片ω（N）和ω（P）（29.8 g ·kg^-1和2.17 g ·kg^-1）,并且仅果树萌芽期的叶片P含量与土壤有效磷（AP）含量呈显著负相关.③土壤酶化学计量分析的所有数据点均在1 ：1线以上,表现为微生物群落存在较强的P限制;果树生长期,矢量长度和角度的变化范围分别为0.56~0.79和59.3°~67.7°,且研究中矢量角度均>45°,也体现了微生物存在较强的磷限制.④RDA和随机森林模型分析结果表明,有机碳和速效氮（AN）是影响矢量长度的主要理化因子,AP、AN和土壤含水量是影响矢量角度的主要理化因子;SEM分析表明,AN和可溶性有机碳（DOC）直接影响microC和microN,AP直接影响microP和microN,DOC和AP直接影响矢量长度,AP和microN直接影响矢量角度;微生物碳利用率与矢量长度呈显著正相关,与矢量角度呈显著负相关.综上所述,有机无机肥配施通过影响果树不同生育期土壤碳和磷含量,调控微生物碳、磷代谢进而影响微生物碳利用率,为有机无机肥配施提升土壤质量、维持土壤健康提供科学依据.