碳氟碳氢表面活性剂表面活性及灭火性能

对全氟辛基磺酰基季铵碘化物(FC-203)和十二烷基苯磺酸纳(SDBS)混合溶液的表面张力、起泡能力及其灭火性能进行了试验研究.结果表明,FC-203与SDBS复配对于提高溶液的表面活性具有明显的协同效应,混合溶液只有在同时具备低表面张力和较强起泡能力条件下才表现出较好的灭火性能.对于浓度为5 mmol/L的混合溶液,当FC-203与SDBS的物质的量比为1∶2时,其灭火时间可降低至6.9 s.研究结果对于碳氟碳氢表面活性剂在灭火剂中的应用具有一定的意义.     

香溪河流域富磷区土壤酶活性与无机磷形态相关性研究

陆源氮磷不断向水体输入已经成为水体富营养化的主要诱因。香溪河流域内分布着鄂西著名的磷矿区,该区域丰富的磷对香溪河水质产生严重影响。选取流域内磷矿区为研究对象,旨在探讨磷矿区土壤酶活性与无机磷形态之间的内在关系,进而探求用土壤酶系统表征土壤磷污染程度的可行性。结果表明:土壤酶活性与无机磷形态之间有着密切关系。其中,过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性与无机磷形态呈正相关关系,而多酚氧化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性与无机磷形态呈负相关关系。土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性均与无机磷形态之间呈现出不同程度的相关性,可作为反映磷矿区土壤磷污染状况的指示酶。     

Pseudomonas flava WD-3对人工湿地中土著微生物量及酶活性的影响研究

从山东南四湖人工湿地的底泥中分离驯化出在低温条件下生长速率及代谢速率最高的一株菌,经形态特征、生理生化特性及16S r DNA序列分析鉴定,确定该菌株为黄假单胞菌(Pseudomonas flava),命名为Pseudomonas flava WD-3.同时,探索了在北方冬季条件下,该菌投加到人工湿地中在提高废水处理效率的同时,对湿地中土著可培养微生物类群数量和酶活性的影响.结果表明:随着Pseudomonas flava WD-3投加量的增加,人工湿地中可培养细菌、真菌、放线菌、硝化细菌及反硝化细菌的数量均产生了显著变化(p0.01).与对照组相比,湿地系统中可培养细菌、放线菌、硝化细菌及反硝化细菌数量最大分别增加了1.3、1.9、2.3、1.3倍,而可培养真菌数量最大减少了23.3%.土壤酶活性也随着Pseudomonas flava WD-3投加量的增加而增强,当Pseudomonas flava WD-3为水处理效果最佳投加量(6.00%)时,与对照组相比,过氧化氢酶、脲酶和脱氢酶活性最大增幅分别高达69.2%、41.3%和54.5%,蔗糖酶最大增加了2.3倍.研究表明,Pseudomonas flava WD-3在提高冬季人工湿地污水净化效果的同时,还能促进湿地土著可培养微生物的生长和酶的活性.     

不同结构芳香酸对厌氧颗粒污泥特性与微生物群落的影响

以苯甲酸（BA）、邻苯二甲酸（PA）、连苯三甲酸（HA）、1-萘甲酸（1NA）为研究对象,探究了不同结构芳香酸对厌氧颗粒污泥理化特性与微生物群落的影响.结果表明,在40 d的接触实验中,1NA实验组对溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）的去除率为86.09%,与空白对照组相比降低了7%.4个实验组污泥疏松胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）和紧密胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）中多糖含量分别比对照组高0.30~1.28、0.19~1.03 mg·g^-1,蛋白含量分别提高了0.025~0.326、0.007~0.171 mg·g^-1.在LB-EPS三维荧光（EEM）光谱中,HA和1NA实验组中出现了类腐殖酸物质荧光峰,且辅酶F₄₂₀峰强度有所降低.对于酶活性而言,HA、1NA实验组乙酸激酶相对活性比对照组减少了65.26%、6.93%.通过高通量测序发现,对照组与实验组中的优势菌群均为Proteobacteria、Chloroflexi和Firmicutes.HA与1NA的加入降低了Actinobacteria的相对丰度,提高了Bacteroidetes和Synergistetes的相对丰度.对于古细菌而言,Methanothrix在对照组与实验组中为优势种属,其相对丰度达到49.95%~80.40%;但实验组Methanothrix的相对丰度减少了10.69%~30.45%,且1NA实验组尤为明显;而1NA的加入提高了Methanospirillum的相对丰度,达到34.08%.同时,细菌和古细菌代谢通路预测表明,其主要功能组为代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理和细胞过程,芳香酸使得厌氧颗粒污泥中氨基酸的代谢功能有所增强.     

Multiple-time contamination of benzo(a)pyrene in soils inhibits soil enzymatic activities

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is accumulating in soils in a low-dose cumulative manner. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of B[a]P on the extractable and available fractions of B[a]P and on soil enzymatic activity using multiple-time superimposed and one-time contamination approaches. Results showed that the contents of B[a]P rapidly decreased in the first 14?d and later decreased slowly from 14 to 56?d in both one-time and multiple-time contamination tests. The contents of B[a]P in the multiple-time contamination test were lower than those in the one-time test. Soil urease, sucrase and dehydrogenase activities were rapidly inhibited in the early stage (14?d) and stimulated during the rest of the incubation, and soil dehydrogenase activity was more sensitive to B[a]P contamination than the other enzymes. High concentrations of B[a]P in soil led to greater inhibition of enzymatic activity than that at low concentrations in the early period of culture. Soil enzyme activities were weakly inhibited in multiple-time compared with in one-time contamination tests and were lower in the subsurface layer than in the surface layer. Our results revealed that the multiple-time superimposed approach might be better than one-time contamination for evaluating B[a]P risk in soil.     

Isolation,identification, and biological characteristics of a wild Chaga mushroom北大核心CSCD

In this study, a pure culture strain (numbered as F1501) was obtained using tissue separation and purification methods from the sclerotia of Chaga mushroom from Russia. Further researches included studies on classification, optimum growth conditions of mycelia, extracellular polysaccharides from fermentation broth and their antioxidant activity, and artificial acclimation. According to the identification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, it was confirmed that F1501 was a species of the genus Inonotus and family Hymenochaetaceae, which had 99% similarity with Inonotus obliquus. F1501 was further classified as I. obliquus based on the morphological characteristics of its mycelia and sclerotia. The optimal carbon source, nitrogen source, C/N ratio, growth factor, temperature, and pH value for the growth of the F1501 strain mycelia were maltose, beef extracts, 10/1, B2, 28 °C, and 8.0, respectively. Liquid fermentation of F1501 was performed using PD media and a 10% inoculation amount at 28 °C and 150 r/min for 7 d. The content of polysaccharides in the fermentation broth was 476.32 mg/L, with a total antioxidant activity of 0.19 mmol/L (Trolox) and hydroxyl free radical-scavenging activity of 72.7%. Artificial acclimation study revealed that the fruiting body-like structure was obtained using cottonseed hulls as the main substrate. In the present study, a new strain of I. obliquus and its biological characteristics were explored, which could provide a theoretical basis for the artificial acclimation and development of wild mushrooms. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Screening of the marine actinomycetes with anti-complement activity and isolation of the active fractions北大核心CSCD

Studies on anti-complement agents are essential for the development of drugs to treat various diseases caused by excessive or abnormal activation of the complement system. However, studies on microbial-derived anti-complement agents are still very limited. The anti-complement activities of 42 marine-derived actinomycete strains isolated from the sediment samples collected from Xinghai Bay in Dalian were studied using the hemolysis method. In addition, the active fractions of the strain Streptomyces sp. DUT11 were separated by C18 and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and the active compounds with anti-complement activity were identified. Streptomyces strains S187, M5, S088, M8, S063, DUT11 and MD16 showed good anti-complement activities upon being cultured in TSB medium, with the strain DUT11 showing the best anti-complement activity among these strains. When different fermentation media were tested, the highest anti-complement activity of DUT11 was observed in M33 fermentation medium. The anti-complement activity was 56.5% for the extract of supernatant and 60.8% for the extract of mycelia, respectively. Furthermore, three compounds with anti-complement activity were obtained from the active components, which were identified as 3-indolecarboxylic acid (1), p-hydroxy benzoic acid (2) and 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid (3). These results demonstrated that marine-derived streptomycetes can be employed to produce active compounds with anti-complement activity. This study presents a new alternative for the utilization of marine actinomycetes and provides a basis for the exploration of new anti-complement agents. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

布洛芬对活性污泥中功能酶活性的影响

布洛芬是常用非甾体抗炎药,使用量大、去除率低,且药品的存在会诱发水生生物发生不同应激变化。研究对比了在不同浓度梯度布洛芬暴露下活性污泥中脲酶、转化酶活性的动态变化率、总变化率的不同响应。结果表明,在布洛芬浓度为35~40μg·L~(-1)时,对脲酶活性的抑制程度超过了40%,布洛芬浓度达28μg·L~(-1)后,脲酶活性总变化率单调增加,在布洛芬浓度达到40μg·L~(-1)时,脲酶活性总变化率超过了70%。而转化酶活性动态变化率低于±20%,总变化率低于±30%。上述研究结果表明,脲酶活性在布洛芬较低浓度暴露下变化幅度大、响应快。因此推荐使用较为敏感的脲酶活性生物指标,评价布洛芬等新型有机污染物对复杂污泥机制中活性污泥微生物活性影响。相关实验数据可以对污水处理系统的潜在风险进行早期预警。     

污水处理厂出水中抗雄激素样化合物控制的优先性研究

污水处理厂出水是环境中内分泌干扰物的重要来源之一。针对关注较少的抗雄激素样内分泌干扰物,在已有研究基础上,依据抗雄激素样化合物的抗雄激素样活性风险,建立了污水处理厂出水中抗雄激素样化合物控制的优先性排序方法。在污水处理厂出水中,共有147种疑似抗雄激素样化合物需要关注,主要为农药类,约占总数的60%。抗雄激素样活性风险排名前10%的化合物如下:邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二己酯、双酚A、溴螨酯、对叔辛基酚、腐霉利、烯菌酮、氯苯嘧啶醇、烯酰吗啉、杀螟松、十二烷基酚、敌草隆、咯菌酯、2-羟基-4'-甲氧基二苯甲酮、以及邻苯基苯酚。     

基于CSTR反应器鸡粪秸秆共消化产甲烷特性及菌群变化研究

基于实际工程通过控制有机负荷对不同配比鸡粪和玉米秸秆 （VS比分别为1：0、5：2、1：1）进行联合厌氧消化,分析了不同VS比变化对水解酶活性及微生物动态群落变化的影响,并确定了鸡粪秸秆联合厌氧消化的最优配比.结果表明,当VS比为1：1时,碳氮比 （C/N）为17,此时甲烷日产量峰值为31.46 L,累计产甲烷量为940.96 L,产甲烷效果最好,为最优配比;对比3组实验秸秆表面结构降解情况,C3 （VS比=1：1）组各水解酶活性均高于C1 （VS比=1：0）和C2 （VS比=5：2）组,且Megasphaera和Bacteroides作为纤维素酶主要分泌菌属相对丰度较高,纤维素酶活性峰值达到258.94 U·mL^-1,使秸秆中的纤维素和木质素得到有效降解;秸秆含量增加提高了水解细菌多样性,降低了古菌多样性,Lactobacillus属于Bacteroidetes门,由于其具有较好的抗逆性在C2和C3组丰度较高,能够作为水解产酸阶段的优势菌属;C3组产甲烷古菌丰度变化较为稳定,在实验中期以食氢产甲烷菌为主,优势菌属主要有Methanosphaera和Methanobrevibacter,实验后期以食乙酸产甲烷菌为主,优势菌属主要为Methanosaeta、Methanospirillum和Methanoregula.