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101.
Thomas J. Wilbanks Jayant Sathaye 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):957-962
Integrating mitigation and adaptation (M&A) is a practical reality for climate change response policy, despite a range of
conceptual and methodological challenges. Based on the papers in this special issue, some preliminary findings about appropriate
integrated portfolios are offered, along with several implications for climate policy. 相似文献
102.
Daniel Murdiyarso Louis Lebel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(1):3-11
Forest and land fires are not new to the landscapes of Southeast Asia. Nevertheless, strikingly different perspectives persist
about the significance of fires in the tropics to environmental changes and human well-being and consequently how they should
be managed. Our synthesis of papers in this special issue suggests both trade-offs and complementarities in various policy
responses with differing objectives. There are, however, at least three domains with high potential of meeting multiple objectives.
First, is through identification, and improved management, of ecosystems vulnerable to fire under current and future climate.
Agriculture, forestry and human settlements on peat land areas in Indonesia are candidates for such a focus. Second, is through
building adaptive capacities to manage fire and related land and water resources. Investments in capacity at multiple levels
are needed, but particularly at fairly local levels where stakeholders have strong incentives to manage fires appropriate
to local contexts. Third, is through building awareness that fire management does not universally equate to fire suppression.
Severe smoke haze episodes, for example, are also a result of timing of fires, and some fire-adapted ecosystems may depend
on fire to persist. Finally, we emphasize that effective fire management is unlikely to be realized without greater engagement
by research and policy with stakeholders in thoroughly exploring the full range of land and fire management options. Negotiation,
compensation and trade-offs are probably inevitable. 相似文献
103.
重金属对蚕豆(vicia faba)根尖的核酸含量及核酸酶活性影响的研究 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)在低浓度作用下,随处理浓度的升高,刺激蚕豆(Vicia faba)DNA含量(处理浓度分别低于10.0、0.50、50.0ppm)和RNA含量(处理浓度分别低于10.0、50.0、50.0ppm),DNase活性(处理浓度均低于10.0ppm)和RNase活性(处理浓度分别低于20.0、10.0、50.0ppm)相应地升高;当处理浓度超过相应浓度时,DNA和RNA含量以及DNase与RNase活性随浓度升高而降低。Hg~(2+)在小于0.05ppm时使RNase活性升高,高于该浓度使其降低,其它各指标无上述规律性变化。重金属对核酸代谢的影响结果取决于植物组织的适应性反应与金属离子的毒性反应的强度。文章还讨论了金属离子特征和可能存在的不同代谢活动的抗性诱导体系对植物毒性的影响,以及蛋白质的代谢活动对植物适应性水平的影响。 相似文献
104.
鸡粪厌氧消化接种物对沼气产气率的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
探讨鸡粪厌氧消化采用不同接种物时几个主要微生物生理群的相对数量对产气率的影响。结果表明,接种物中厌氧氨化细菌,产甲烷细菌含量皆较高不仅有利于缩短发酵启动期而且能提高产气率;如何利用葡萄糖的厌氧产酸细菌含量较高,氨化细菌和产甲烷细菌含量低,则发酵难以启动,产气率不高。 相似文献
105.
It is widely acknowledged that a simplified and robust approach to evaluating thecombined effects of chemical mixtures is critical for ecological risk assessment (ERA) of contaminated soil. The earthworm (Eisenia fetida) was used as a model to study the combined effects of polymetallic contamination and the herbicide siduron in field soil using a microcosm experiment. The responses of multiple biomarkers, including the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE), the concentrations of glycogen, soluble protein (SP), malonaldehyde (MDA), and metallothionein (MT), and the neutral red uptake test (NRU), were investigated. Multivariate analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Spearman's Rank Correlations analysis (BVSTEP) revealed that the activities of AChE and CAT and the NRU content were the prognostic biomarkers capturing the minimum data set of all the variables. Internal Cd (tissue Cd) in earthworms was closely related to the health status of worms under combined contamination of heavy metals and siduron. The integrated effect (Emix) calculated based on the activities of AChE and CAT and NRU content using the stress index method had significantly linear regression with internal Cd (p<0.01). Emix(10), Emix(20), and Emix(50) were then calculated, at 1.27, 1.63 and 2.71 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. It could be concluded that a bioassay-based approach incorporating multivariate analysis and internal dose was pragmatic and applicable to evaluating combined effects of chemical mixtures in soils under the guidance of the top-down evaluation concept of combined toxicity. 相似文献
106.
Loretta Müller Pierre Comte Jan Czerwinski Markus Kasper Andreas C.R. Mayer Adrian Schmid 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1):164-180
The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity and the (pro-)inflammatory responses of two-stroke (direct injection and carburetor technology) and four-stroke scooter and diesel car exhaust emissions on lung cells in vitro. This was analyzed by exposing a 3D in vitro model of the epithelial airway (consisting of human bronchial epithelial cells (cell line 16HBE14o?) combined with human whole blood monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells) to physically characterized exhaust emissions. Biological endpoints of cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and inflammatory chemokine (interleukin(IL)-8) stimulation were examined. Two-stroke direct injection scooter exhaust contained the highest particle number concentration and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) concentrations and the emissions from the two-stroke carburetor scooter contained the highest hydrocarbon and lowest NO x concentrations. The four-stroke scooter emitted the highest carbon monoxide concentration whereas the cars emitted the lowest. The combination of various technical optimizations for the two-stroke direct injection scooter (particle filter, oxidative catalyst, better oil and fuel) reduced the total emissions strongly and the TNF-α concentration significantly (p?0.05). The cytotoxicity and the IL-8 concentration showed strong tendencies to be reduced. The analysis of the emissions of all tested two-stroke, four-stroke scooters and diesel cars showed a strong association between the adverse effects and the particle number concentration. 相似文献
107.
北部湾文蛤对石油烃和多氯联苯的氧化应激响应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为探讨海域现场双壳类动物对有机污染物积累的抗氧化响应,在北部湾潮间带11个采样点采集文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)样品,测定其软组织中w(TPHs)(TPHs为石油烃)、w(PCBs)(PCBs为多氯联苯)以及鳃、内脏中GSH(还原型谷胱甘肽),GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽)、SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)、GPx(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)、GST(谷胱甘肽转硫酶)、TBARS(硫代巴比妥酸反应物)7种氧化应激物的水平,分析其空间分布特征,并进行有机污染物含量与氧化应激物响应值之间的相关性分析. 结果表明:文蛤软组织中w(TPHs)和w(PCBs)分别为78.22~300.71μg/g和4.23~26.68ng/g,最大值均出现在S10采样点(防城港西湾);内脏中CAT活性较高,其他氧化应激物均在鳃中有较高水平. 与对照采样点S1(湛江流沙湾)相比,S2、S3、S6、S10、S11等5个采样点文蛤组织内SOD、CAT、GST、GPx、GSH水平较低;大多数采样点文蛤鳃中w(GSSG)较低,而S3、S4、S6、S7、S9、S11等6个采样点文蛤内脏中w(GSSG)较高;大多数采样点文蛤组织中TBARS含量较低,表明其抗氧化防御机能尚未丧失. TPHs显著抑制文蛤鳃中的w(GSSG) (R=-0.64,P<0.05),PCBs显著抑制文蛤鳃中的GPx(R=-0.72,P<0.05)和GST(R=-0.72,P<0.05)的活性,表明w(GSSG)及GPx和GST的活性可作为指示北部湾有机污染的生物标志物. 相似文献
108.
结合防屈曲支撑拟静力实验的研究成果,用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟一栋建筑的地震反应。比较原设计结构与减少梁柱面积但安装有防屈曲支撑的减缩结构这2种方案下的地震响应,使两者的层间位移角相近并满足规范要求,进而做经济性对比。结果表明,防屈曲支撑可以有效地减小结构地震响应,并且先于梁柱破坏,保护主体结构安全;安装防屈曲支撑的结构在满足设计要求的同时,还可以节省建筑成本,缩短施工工期。 相似文献
109.
2种有机磷农药联合胁迫下日本青鳉的逐级行为响应 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
采用水质安全在线生物预警系统(BEWs)记录行为强度数据,探讨了2种有机磷农药敌百虫和对硫磷联合胁迫下,不同暴露浓度、不同暴露时间日本青鳉的行为响应.在不同浓度比例的农药暴露中,20、10、5、1和0.1TU的暴露浓度下行为反应时间分别为:1.4、4.8、6.4、32.2和43.0h,并且每个浓度不同配比之间行为反应时间差异不明显.结果表明,在2种有机磷农药的暴露下,日本青鳉的逐级行为响应既受化合物浓度高低的影响,又受暴露时间的影响,但每个浓度的不同配比之间的行为响应时间差异不明显,而且每个浓度2种药物不同配比暴露下的青鳉鱼的逐级行为响应基本一致,即2种作用机制相似的有机磷农药对日本青鳉的行为毒性是简单的相加作用. 相似文献
110.
Rasoul Hemmatjo Mohsen Aliabadi Omid Kalatpour Maryam Farhadian 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2018,24(3):358-365
This study investigated the combined effect of firefighting operations and exposure to smoke on physiological responses, cognitive functions and physical performance among firefighters. Each firefighter was engaged in two experimental conditions: (a) without artificial smoke, control (NS); (b) with artificial smoke (WS). The results of data analysis revealed that heart rate and body temperature increased significantly after the firefighting activities in the two conditions relative to baseline. In addition, reaction time (RT) and correct response (CR) decreased after the activity relative to baseline and there was a significant difference in RT and CR between the NS and WS conditions. There was also a significant difference in performance time between the NS and WS conditions. These findings demonstrated that a smoke compound has an insignificant effect on physiological responses during firefighting activity. On the contrary, the smoke compound has a detrimental influence on cognitive and physical performance. 相似文献