GC-EAD responses to semiochemicals by eight beetles in the subcortical community associated with Monterey pine trees in coastal California: similarities and disparities across three trophic levels

Summary.  Antennae of six sympatric bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytidae), Dendroctonus valens LeConte, Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte), Hylastes tenuis Eichhoff, Ips mexicanus (Hopkins), Ips plastographus maritimus Lanier, and Pseudohylesinus sericeus (Mannerheim), and two scolytid predators, Enoclerus sphegeus (F.) (Cleridae) and Lascontonus tuberculatus Kraus (Colydiidae), were analyzed by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) for their responses to synthetic Ips spp. pheromone components, and host and nonhost volatiles. The beetles emerged from cut logs of pitch canker-infected Monterey pine trees, Pinus radiata D. Don. There were significant disparities in EAD response patterns to the hemiterpene and monoterpene alcohol pheromone components that are typically produced by Ips spp. Antennae of I. p. maritimus responded strongly to ( ± )-ipsdienol, ( ± )-ipsenol, amitinol, and lanierone; antennae of I. mexicanus responded strongly to (1S,2S)-(–)-cis-verbenol, with weaker responses to ( ± )-ipsdienol, ( ± )-ipsenol, and amitinol; antennae of H. tenuis responded to (1S, 2R)-(–)-trans-ver-benol, with less pronounced responses to (–)-cis-verbenol and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol; and antennae of D. valens, G. retusus, and P. sericeus generally responded to all Ips spp. pheromone components except 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (D. valens and G. retusus) and E-myrcenol (G. retusus and P. sericeus). Ips mexicanus responded only to the (–)-enantiomers of ipsenol and ipsdienol, whereas I. p. maritimus responded to (–)-ipsenol, but to both the (+)- and (–)-enantiomers of ipsdienol. The antennae of the two predaceous insects (E. sphegeus and L. tuberculatus) responded to a range of the Ips spp. pheromone components. Host monoterpenes elicited no antennal responses from E. sphegeus, G. retusus, H. tenuis, and I. mexicanus, but several monoterpenes elicited various levels of responses from D. valens and I. p. maritimus antennae. Interestingly, antennae of female D. valens responded to (–), but not (+)-limonene. α- and β-Pinene elicited weak responses from L. tuberculatus antennae. EAD responses to selected nonhost volatiles were almost identical among the six scolytid species, with trans-conophthorin eliciting the strongest response in most cases, followed by three C₆- alcohols and two C₈-alcohols. The antennal responses by most of these species to linalool or geranylacetone were very weak; (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, and benzyl alcohol elicited almost no response. The response pattern of P. sericeus to nonhost volatiles differed slightly from the rest of the scolytids: a strong response to linalool, weaker response to the C₈-alcohols. The two predaceous Coleoptera generally had weak, but detectable, responses to nonhost volatiles, except for a relatively strong response to trans-conophthorin by L. tuberculatus. No notable differences in EAD responses were observed between males and females of the two Ips spp. Our results provide an electrophysiological baseline for future efforts to identify attractive and repellent semiochemicals (aggregation pheromones, host kairomones, or nonhost interruptants) for this guild of scolytids and their key predators that are associated with moribund and pitch canker- infected P. radiata.     

人工油松林不同生长阶段深层土壤有机碳和活性碳的差异及其影响因素

研究深层土壤碳库动态对了解陆地生态系统深层碳汇潜力、应对全球CO₂升高具有重要意义。论文以黄土丘陵区人工油松林为研究对象,以撂荒地为参照,分析了不同生长阶段的人工油松林地0~200 cm土层土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）和活性有机碳（readily oxidizable carbon,ROC）动态变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：在0~200 cm剖面上,不同生长阶段油松林SOC含量及储量较撂荒地显著提高。浅层（0~100 cm）SOC平均含量,成熟林为撂荒地的2.03倍,提高最大;其次是中龄林,为1.85倍;最后是幼龄林,为1.59倍。深层（100~200 cm）SOC平均含量,幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林分别较撂荒地提高了1.43、1.38和1.36倍。各生长阶段油松林浅层和深层SOC储量分别占0~200 cm SOC储量的61.0%~69.8%和30.2%~39.0%,不同生长阶段间浅层SOC储量差异显著,但深层SOC储量差异不大。浅层ROC储量,幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林依次提高了54.8%、82.0%和91.6%;深层ROC储量依次提高了32.4%、40.9%和58.1%,且深层储量占0~200 cm土层的31.2%~33.3%。不仅浅层SOC和ROC含量受多个因素的影响,而且深层ROC含量也与油松高度、根系生物量以及枯落物厚度、干重呈极显著正相关。因此,人工林建设不仅显著提高浅层SOC和ROC含量,而且对深层土壤的固碳能力有一定改善。     

Genetic analysis of Pinus banksiana and Pinus resinosa populations from stressed sites contaminated with metals in Northern Ontario (Canada)

The Sudbury region in Canada is known for the mining and smelting of high-sulphide ores containing nickel, copper, iron and precious metals. Although reports provide information of metal levels in soil and plants, knowledge of genetic effects on plants growing in contaminated areas is limited. The main objective of this study was to characterise the level of genetic diversity in Pinus banksiana and Pinus resinosa populations from the Sudbury (Ontario) region using microsatellite markers. Soil samples were analysed for concentrations of metals. High levels of metal contents in soil were observed within short distances of the smelter compared with control sites. The level of genetic diversity was very low for P. resinosa populations and moderate for P. banksiana samples. Observed heterozygosity was fivefold higher in P. banksiana populations than P. resinosa populations studied. Overall, 17 and 24% of the total genetic diversity were attributed to differences among populations for P. banksiana and P. resinosa, respectively. In general, the inbreeding was significantly higher in P. resinosa populations than P. banksiana populations and gene flows were relatively low in both species. No significant trend of the levels of genetic diversity for metal contaminated and uncontaminated sites was found.     

马尾松不同林型对土壤理化性质的影响

以安徽省枞阳县大山村3种马尾松不同林型（马尾松纯林、马尾松-麻栎混交林、马尾松-枫香混交林）0~60 cm土层为研究对象,探讨3种马尾松林型的土壤理化性质变化规律,旨在为该区马尾松人工林的可持续发展和生产提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）0~60 cm土层,3种马尾松林型土壤容重随深度的增加而逐渐增加,混交林土壤容重显著低于纯林;土壤含水量随土层的加深而逐渐减小,其大小为：马尾松-枫香混交林>马尾松-麻栎混交林>马尾松纯林,马尾松-枫香混交林在土壤容重降低,土壤孔隙度增加及土壤含水量方面优于马尾松-麻栎混交林;（2）土壤pH值介于4.5~5.0之间,3种林型pH值随土层深度的增加而增大,但差异均不显著,其中马尾松-枫香混交林土壤pH值较高;（3）3种林型土壤有机质、全N、有效P和速效K均随土层深度的增加而减少,呈现明显的“表聚”现象,其质量分数表现为：马尾松-枫香混交林>马尾松-麻栎混交林>马尾松纯林;（4）土壤容重与土壤水分质量分数、有机质、全N、有效P和速效K等养分质量分数均呈负相关,土壤有机质与全N、有效P和速效K呈极显著的正相关,这说明土壤有机质在改善土壤理化性质和促进养分循环方面起着非常重要的作用。     

太岳山不同林龄人工油松林土壤微生物特征

油松（Pinus tabuliformis Carr.）具有保土保肥和改善水土流失的作用,是黄土高原地区植被恢复中广泛使用的树种.为了探究土壤微生物多样性和群落结构对人工油松林演替的响应及其环境因子驱动机制,以太岳山脉潘家山10、20和30 a人工油松林土壤为研究对象,基于野外采样、室内理化分析和高通量测序等手段,分析不同林龄表层和亚表层土壤微生物群落结构、多样性及其与土壤理化性质之间的关系.结果表明：(1)30 a的人工油松林演替显著改变了土壤养分状况. SOM、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、AP和AK均随演替的进行显著升高;TP和TK含量随演替年限逐渐降低.(2)不同林龄油松林土壤真菌的优势门为子囊菌门、担子菌门和被孢菌门,细菌的优势门为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门.(3)油松林土壤微生物中细菌占绝对优势,真菌和细菌拷贝数随林龄增加均显著增加,30 a油松林土壤真菌拷贝数和细菌拷贝数分别是10 a油松林的6.61倍和2.55倍.(4)随着林龄增加,土壤真菌多样性显著下降.属水平上,子囊菌门中青霉菌属相对丰度大幅下降,达21.07%,担子菌门中红菇属相对丰度...     

白皮松针叶中几种元素的测定及对北京大气污染状况的评价

通过对北京市区的白皮松(Pinus.bungeanaZucc.ExEndl)不同年龄针叶中Cr,Zn,Pb,Mn,Fe,Cu等重金属元素及元素S质量分数的分析,探讨了它们与北京大气污染之间的关系。结果表明,各元素含量存在着地区和年际的差异:这些元素在重工业区和交通枢纽区的含量明显高于清洁对照区;近年来空气中SO2浓度有所下降,但重金属的污染情况仍不容乐观。研究结果基本上反映了北京地区大气环境质量近几年的变化。      

Ecological Zoning of Forests in Areas Exposed to Industrial Air Pollution

Morphometric characteristics of the growth of forest stands located at different distances from a large copper-smelting plant were estimated. The set of diagnostic parameters obtained was used for calculating summary parameters of the state (SPSs) of the forest stands and to grade their values for zoning the forests. The results of using semivariance analysis demonstrated the appropriateness of kriging, a method of spatial interpolation, for mapping the surfaces of the state of forests. The map-scheme of the zones differing in the state of forest stands (made on the basis of summary parameters) was compared with the topographic map of the area, which made it possible to estimate the effect of large forms of relief on the location and configuration of the zones.     

Structure and formation of conifer stands in the upper timberline ecotone on the North Chuya Ridge,Central Altai

The structure of Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour.) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) stands and specific features of their formation have been studies in the forest-tundra ecotone on the North Chuya Ridge (2235–2475 m a.s.l.). Changes in the structure of these stands along the transition from the upper boundary of closed forests to the high-mountain tundra have proved to have an ambiguous pattern. Both tree species form mixed clusters of similar-aged trees in the lower part of the ecotone but grow singly, in scatters, in its upper part. The formation of conifer stands (tree clusters) in the lower part of the ecotone, on the slopes of the Aktru River valley, began during climate warming in the second half of the 19th century. The expansion of confers to its upper part took place markedly later, in the early 20th century (Siberian larch) or even in the 1930s (Siberian stone pine).     

Atmospheric concentrations of nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, particulate nitrate and particulate sulfate, and estimation of their dry deposition on the urban- and mountain-facing sides of Mt. Gokurakuji, Western Japan

Atmospheric concentrations of nitric acid (HNO₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), particulate nitrate and particulate sulfate on the urban- and mountain-facing sides of Mt. Gokurakuji were measured from November 2002 to October 2003, in order to evaluate the effects of anthropogenic activity on air quality and dry deposited nitrate and sulfate on the surfaces of pine foliage. The results showed that HNO₃, SO₂ and concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the urban-facing side (1.54, 2.48 and 0.65 μg m⁻³, respectively) than the mountain-facing side (0.67, 1.19 and 0.37 μg m⁻³, respectively), while concentrations did not differ significantly between the two sides (urban-facing: 2.80 μg m⁻³; mountain−facing: 2.05 μg m⁻³). Indirect estimates of dry deposition rates of nitrate and sulfate to the surfaces of pine foliage based on the measured concentrations approximately agreed with the measured values determined by the foliar rinsing technique in a previous study. It was found that HNO₃ was the major source (approximately 80%) of dry deposited nitrate on pine foliage, while the contribution from was about equal to that from SO₂. In conclusion, HNO₃ and SO₂ appear to be dominant species reflecting higher dry deposition rates of nitrate and sulfate on the urban-facing side compared to the mountain-facing side of Mt. Gokurakuji.