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181.
Separate collection of municipal solid waste has overcome the 50% threshold in the Asti District in northern Italy, nearly one-third being composed of household and green organic waste. In order to address present and future solutions, it becomes therefore fundamental to assess the environmental performances of the current management of organic waste from separate collection. A from-gate-to-cradle life cycle assessment (LCA) model has been developed by expanding system boundaries, in order to carry out the assessment in the context of the whole waste management streamline. The environmental performances of an existing aerobic plant were made available, based on field measured data, by paying attention to the role and contribution of waste management subsystems. The need for actual and reliable data on materials and energy input, as well as gross and net gains from materials recovery, including benefits arising from use of compost in farming activities, was probably the major drawback that had to be faced. The study integrated the findings of different investigations from the literature with field measured data in order to obtain a more comprehensive framework representative of the area under study. The results may help public administrators to better understand the suitability of using LCA tools when dealing with solid waste management strategies. 相似文献
182.
Cadmium and lead were determined simultaneously in seawater by differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV) preceded by
adsoptive collection of complexes with 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) on to a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). In preliminary
experiments the optimal analytical condition for oxine concentration was found to be 2.10−5 M, at pH 7.7, the accumulation potential was −1.1 V, and the initial scannig potential was −0.8 V. The peak potentials were
found −0.652 V for Cd and −0.463 V for Pb At the 60 s accumalation time. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitatification
(LOQ) were found to be by voltammetry as 0.588 and 1.959 μg l−1 (RSD, 5.50%) for Cd and 0.931 and 3.104 μg l−1 (RSD, 4.10%) for Pb at 60 s stirred accumulation time respectively. In these conditions the most of the seawater samples
are amenable for direct voltammetric determination of cadmium and lead using a HMDE. An adsorptive stripping mechanism of
the electrode reaction was proposed. For the comparison, seawater samples were also analysed by ICP-atomic emission spectrometry
method (ICP-AES). The applied voltammetric technique was validated and good recoveries were obtained. 相似文献
183.
Relation of waste generation and composition to socio-economic factors: a case study 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bandara NJ Hettiaratchi JP Wirasinghe SC Pilapiiya S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,135(1-3):31-39
To develop an effective waste management strategy for a given region, it is important to know the amount of waste generated
and the composition of the waste stream. Past research has shown that the amount of waste generated is proportional to the
population and the average mean living standards or the average income of the people. In addition, other factors may affect
the amount and composition of waste. These are climate, living habits, level of education, religious and cultural beliefs,
and social and public attitudes. This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in a suburban municipal area in Sri
Lanka to determine the solid waste generation rate and waste composition based on field surveys and to determine the related
socio-economic factors. A database was developed that included information on the quantity and composition of waste generated
in a sample of households in the study area over a time period. The collected data was analysed to relate waste generation
and composition data to various socio-economic factors. Over 400 sample households were selected for the study using a stratified
random sampling methodology based on municipal wards and property values. A technique that considers both the number of households
in a particular income group (property value range) and the standard deviation of property values within a given income group
was used to determine the appropriate sample size for each municipal ward. Through category and regression analyses, the quantities
of waste and waste composition were related to several socio-economic factors. The paper describes the basis for the sample
selection, the methodology adopted for data collection, the socio-economic parameters used for the analysis, and the relationships
developed from the analysis. 相似文献
184.
目前对造纸废水的监测通常采取随机取样,很少考虑污染物在废水中的分布情况,所以取得的样品很难反映污染物的实际排放情况。为此,通过对某造纸厂排废废水中化学需氧量分布夫妻及采样点位的优化研究。 相似文献
185.
硼氢化钾吹气—分光光度法测定污水中硫化物 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
污水样品用硼氢化钾片剂酸性氢化反应,使硫化物同酸作用转化为H2S,并被氢气吹出,以NaOH溶液吸收,再用对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定。为了应急监测,研制了LS-1型硫化物快速测试预装置,配用DR/2000型便携式分光光度计,可在现场进行了水中硫化物的快速监测。. 相似文献
186.
以气相色谱石英毛细管柱分离、FID检测,测定废水和废气中N′,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)。在10mg/L~18810mg/L范围内有良好的线性关系。检测限:废水为05mg/L;废气为08mg/m3。样品测定的相对标准差为4%~8%,回收率在76%~112%之间,精密度和准确度均较好 相似文献
187.
188.
Enhanced sludge solubilization by microbubble ozonation 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
A microbubble ozonation process for enhancing sludge solubilization was proposed and its performance was evaluated in comparison to a conventional ozone bubble contactor. Microbubbles are defined as bubbles with diameters less than several tens of micrometers. Previous studies have demonstrated that microbubbles could accelerate the formation of hydroxyl radicals and hence improve the ozonation of dyestuff wastewater. The results of this study showed that microbubble ozonation was effective in increasing ozone utilization and improving sludge solubilization. For a contact time of 80 min, an ozone utilization efficiency of more than 99% was obtained using the microbubble system, while it gradually decreased from 94% to 72% for the bubble contactor. The rate of microbial inactivation was obviously faster in the microbubble system. At an ozone dose of 0.02 g O3 g−1 TSS, about 80% of microorganisms were inactivated in the microbubble system, compared with about 50% inactivation for the bubble contactor. Compared to the bubble contactor, more than two times of COD and total nitrogen, and eight times of total phosphorus content were released from the sludge into the supernatant by using the microbubble system at the same ozone dosage. The application of microbubble technology in ozonation processes may provide an effective and low cost approach for sludge reduction. 相似文献
189.
190.
Effects of planned expansion of waste incineration in the Swedish district heating systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recent targets for reduced amounts of waste to landfills in Sweden will result in a large increase in waste incineration with recovery of energy, used primarily for district heating. The aim of this study is to investigate what changes in the usage of other fuels and technologies for district heat production would be caused by this increase. A questionnaire was sent out to the largest district heating companies, and simulations in an energy systems model were carried out. The analysis shows that increased waste incineration reduces the demand for other fuels, especially biomass, for district heat production. The effects include reductions in operating hours as well as the avoidance or postponement of investments in new plants for district heat production. Increased waste incineration will also lead to a greater use of district heating in Sweden. 相似文献