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301.
Fernandes HM Gomiero LA Peres V Franklin MR Simões Filho FF 《Journal of environmental management》2008,88(4):914-925
This paper discusses the environmental waste management of the Heap-Leach Uranium Production Facility of Caetité located in a semi-arid region in Brazil. A comparison is made with the first uranium production site of the country located in Poços de Caldas. It is demonstrated that differences in the operational process along with different environmental conditions can lead to different impacts. In the present case groundwater is the potential most sensitive environmental medium despite the well-established consensus in the literature that radon and aerosol emissions may turn-out to be the most relevant environmental aspects of an installation located at this type of region. Most of the 226Ra content in the ore remains in the leached ore that is deposited with the waste rock. A lack in appropriate prediction of the hydrological balance has been causing unanticipated emissions of liquid effluents into the environment. Chemical treatment of this effluent may be needed. Contamination of groundwater in the short term by the waste ponds is not to be expected but it can be a relevant issue in the long term. As a consequence, careful closure schemes will need to be put in place. Finally, the overall costs with remediation in the Caetité production center are lower than those observed at the Poços de Caldas mining site. 相似文献
302.
Sewage sludge (SS) can be applied to cropland to supply and recycle nutrients and organic carbon. Potentially toxic elements in the sludge, however, are of environmental concern. This study evaluates the changes in chemical speciation of Zn in three representative pristine soils of the Pampas Region, Argentina, measured with sequential extraction over a one-year period. Pure SS or SS containing 30% (DM) of its own incineration ash (AS) was applied to the soils at an application rate of 150Mgha(-1). Zn was sequentially fractionated into exchangeable, organically bound, inorganic and residual fractions. The application of the SS and AS amendments significantly increased Zn concentration in all soil fractions at each sampling date. At day 1, Zn was mainly found in the residual fraction. A year after the application of the amendments, redistribution towards the inorganic fraction was observed (41-76% of total Zn content). Zn found in exchangeable and inorganic fractions depended on soil pH rather than on the type of soil used. A negative and significant correlation was found between exchangeable Zn concentrations and soil pH (r=0.94), and a positive and significant correlation between inorganic Zn concentrations and soil pH (r=0.92). For each amended soil and sampling date, no significant differences were observed between SS or AS treatments for the exchangeable fraction. Moreover, the use of AS did not cause significant differences in Zn concentration in the other soil fractions compared to SS. Based on these results, land spreading of AS may be similar to SS diaposal in terms of Zn mobility. 相似文献
303.
废润滑油絮凝脱色试验研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
废润滑油的回收再生利用不仅可以节约石油资源,而且是防治废润滑油污染、保护环境的主要措施.针对有污染的传统酸-白土废润滑油再生工艺,提出了以絮凝为主的无污染再生新技术,重点考察了影响废润滑油脱色再生效率的各种因素.结果表明,在絮凝剂用量为1.2%(体积分数)、搅拌时间为5 min、反应温度为75℃、沉降温度为80℃、沉降时间为2.0 h的条件下,废润滑油絮凝脱色效果最佳.废润滑油经过絮凝脱色和白土精制后理化指标得到了较大改善,基本接近该级别新油SC40的标准. 相似文献
304.
废气处理工艺流程选择及其应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了废气处理流程选择方法,并相应地介绍了部分应用实例。 相似文献
305.
The contemporary Asian silver cycle: 1-year stocks and flows 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jeremiah Johnson Marlen Bertram Kathryn Henderson Julie Jirikowic T. E. Graedel 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2005,7(2):93-103
The stocks and flows of silver throughout the Asian economy for 1997 have been quantified, with major flows examined over their entire life cycle, including mining, production, fabrication, and manufacture, product use, and waste management. By compiling the findings of 11 country-level material flow analyses, a regional analysis was created. The reliability and availability of the data varied, with the most confidence given to the earlier life stages and the most uncertainty existing later. Overall, Asia is a net importer of silver, requiring nearly 7000 Mg of silver in 1997. Approximately 2200 Mg Ag are mined, and production waste totals about 640 Mg Ag. The flow of silver into use equals 9900 Mg Ag, with a considerable build-up of 7100 Mg Ag entering in-use stock. Silver waste sent directly to the environment, in addition to landfilled waste, totals 1600 Mg Ag. Much variation exists when examining country-level silver flows on a per capita basis. India and Thailand’s fondness for silver jewelry greatly increases their silver flows into use and in-use stock. Japan’s high overall consumption reflects its high GDP per capita. Regionally, a significant potential exists to tap the silver contained in the in-use stocks and to enhance the recycling rates. 相似文献
306.
Local governments in Australia, especially in large urban areas, have faced a challenge of the growing quantity of waste generated
and the diminishing space for waste disposal in recent years. The central government has demonstrated the importance of developing
strategies to make full environmental costs and impacts of waste disposal and material recovery accountable for waste management
decision-making. However, research into this field is limited. This paper investigates environmental accounting practices
in local government waste management. From a survey conducted with local government authorities in New South Wales (NSW) Australia,
it is found that overall the level of direct waste flow and activity accounting is higher than the level of hidden and external
environmental cost accounting, though local governments tend to identify and use more physical information associated with
waste flows and activities than relevant monetary information. External environmental impacts of waste disposal are often
overlooked and show the lowest level of practices. The survey results also indicate that urban local governments have taken
more environmental information into account than rural local governments, but such difference is not significant between local
governments of different sizes. The complexity of waste technical services and operations is confirmed to have a positive
and significant effect on the level of environmental accounting for waste management across local governments surveyed. 相似文献
307.
A European model for waste and material flows 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Frits Mller Andersen Helge Larsen Mette Skovgaard Stephan Moll Stphane Isoard 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2007,49(4):421-435
The use of materials and the generation of waste are linked to economic activities and in many projections these are assumed to be a constant ratio of the economic activities. This may be the case considering detailed economic activities and unchanged technology. However, the assumption of constant coefficients is questionable when linking material use and waste generation to aggregated economic activities. Therefore, in this paper, econometrics is used to test the assumption of constant waste coefficients empirically. The analyses show that an assumption of constant waste coefficients is not supported, generally, and a model allowing for trendwise changing coefficients is developed and used for projections of waste and material flows in 25 European countries. 相似文献
308.
Laura Sokka Riina Antikainen Pekka E. Kauppi 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2007,50(4):475-488
Waste reduction was recognised as the main goal of waste management policy in the EU in the 1990s. Although knowledge of past waste generation is essential for effective waste reduction policy there are no comprehensive statistics on the past development of municipal solid waste (MSW) production. MSW management is currently under turmoil in many EU countries as the requirements of the EC landfill directive (1999/31/EC) are set into force. In this study, the production and composition of MSW in Finland between 1960 and 2002 is presented using historical data. The impact of population, affluence and technology on MSW production are analysed using the IPAT equation and three scenarios are constructed until year 2020. The results are compared with national future targets on MSW production. Production of MSW increased in Finland until 1990, declined to year 1997, increased to 2000 and then declined again. The share of organic and plastic waste increased over the study period while the share of paper and cardboard declined. The results suggest that so far national targets on MSW reduction have been set fairly low. Moreover, our scenarios depict a wide range of future MSW production, even though the time horizon is not longer than 15 years into the future. In order to narrow this range, continuous improvement of the statistics of MSW is essential. 相似文献
309.
The possibility of transforming waste plastics into valuable hydrocarbons via catalytic cracking and reforming is attracting
increasing interest. Pyrolysis coupled with Gas Chromatographic separation and Mass Spectrometry detection (Py-GC/MS) has
been used in this work to study the product selectivity of various catalysts in the conversion of pure and residual polyethylene
samples into hydrocarbon products. Five acid solids of comparable aluminium contents but different textural and acid properties
were tested as catalysts, including three zeolites (standard ZSM-5, nanocrystalline n-ZSM-5 and Beta) and two mesostructured
solids (Al-MCM-41 and Al-SBA-15). Thermal cracking of the pure and residual polymers generated a similar range of products
to each other, with a high proportion of linear paraffins and olefins of varying lengths. The presence of zeolitic materials
resulted in complete elimination of heavy linear products, an increase in the light hydrocarbon fraction and a marked selectivity
towards the formation of single-ring aromatic species, particularly benzene, toluene and xylene. Aromatic formation was particularly
notable with the small crystal size n-ZSM-5 (aromatic selectivity up to 53.9%) and less marked in the case of standard ZSM-5
(up to 36.4%) and Beta zeolite (up to 35.0%). Mesostructured catalysts like Al-MCM-41 and Al-SBA-15 favoured the production
of light C2–C5 hydrocarbons (up to 57.9%) while the formation of aromatic products was significantly lower than with zeolitic materials.
The paper examines the extent and the causes for this product selectivity and discusses its connection with the acid and textural
properties of each catalyst. It was also observed that, under the experimental conditions employed, the products generated
were not significantly affected by the nature and origin of the polymers employed. 相似文献
310.
Tyre recycling has become a necessity because of the huge piles of tyres that represent a threat to the environment. The used
tyres represent a source of energy and valuable chemical products. Waste tyres were pyrolysed catalytically in a batch reactor
under atmospheric pressure. Calcium carbide was used as a catalyst to explore its effect on pyrolysis product distribution.
The effect of temperature, amount of catalyst and time on the yields of the pyrolysed products was investigated. Char yield
decreased with increase of pyrolysis temperature while total gas and liquid yields increased. The liquid fraction was obtained
with boiling point up to 320 °C. The physical and chemical properties of the pyrolysed products obtained were characterized.
The catalytic pyrolysis produced 45 wt.% aromatic, 35 wt.% aliphatic and 20 wt.% of polar hydrocarbons.
The distillation data showed that ∼80% of oil has boiling point below 270 °C which is the boiling point for 50% of distilled
product in commercial diesel oil. The oil fraction was found to have high gross calorific value; GCV (42.8 MJ kg−1). Its Specific gravity, viscosity, Kinematic viscosity, freezing point and diesel index were also within the limits of diesel
fuel.
The char residues were studied to investigate their characteristics for use as a possible adsorbent. Surface area of char
before and after acid demineralization was determined to determine the adsorptive features for waste water treatment. 相似文献