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531.
Azni?IdrisEmail author Bulent?Inanc Mohd Nassir?Hassan 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2004,6(2):104-110
Many cities in developing Asian countries face serious problems in managing solid wastes. The annual waste generation increases in proportion to the rises in population and urbanization. Asian countries with greater rural populations produce more organic waste, such as kitchen wastes, and fewer recyclable items, such as paper, metals, and plastics. Reliable data on solid waste compositions are difficult to obtain, and even if available, they are often not updated. We report the most recent waste composition data in some developing Asian countries. We suggest that a better classification system for landfills is needed to address inconsistencies in data for sanitary landfill sites versus waste dumps. We also discuss the information on waste disposal trends and problems associated with general solid waste management in developing Asian countries. 相似文献
532.
Recycle technology for waste plastics containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been developed in the Hokkaido National Industrial
Research Institute for the production of solid and liquid fuel, and has established a recycling process which includes a dechlorination
process for PVC plastics, and a two-stage catalytic pyrolysis process for plastics using zeolite catalysts. The dechlorination
equipment consists of a two-axis screw extruder with a heating element, which can remove chlorine up to 99.9 wt. % from PVC
containing plastics as hydrogen chloride. The product had about 44 000 kJ/kg calorific value and was fed into the next oil
production process, although it could also be used as a solid fuel. Natural and synthetic zeolite were used as catalysts for
the two-stage catalytic process, which produced a light oil with a boiling point which was between those of kerosene and gasoline.
The yield of this oil reached 82 wt. %. The chemical type was analyzed using liquid chromatography, and was found to have
many aromatic compounds. These technologies make it possible to produce a nonpolluting, high-calorie solid fuel and a liquid
fuel very efficiently.
Received: July 19, 2000 / Accepted: September 21, 2000 相似文献
533.
Solid Waste Treatment as a High-Priority and Low- Cost Alternative for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The increased concern about environmental problems caused by inadequate waste management, as well as the concern about global
warming, promotes actions toward a sustainable management of the organic fraction of the waste. Landfills, the most common
means to dispose of municipal solid waste (MSW), lead to the conversion of the organic waste to biogas, containing about 50%
methane, a very active greenhouse gas (GHG). One unit of methane has a global warming potential of 21 computed for a 100-year
horizon or 56 computed for 20 years. The waste sector in Israel contributes 13% of total greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions
for a time horizon of 100 years (for a time horizon of 20 years, the waste sector contribution equals to more than 25% of
total GHG emissions). The ultimate goal is to minimize the amount of methane (CH4) by converting it to CO2. This can be achieved by physicochemical means (e.g., landfill gas flare, incineration) or by biological processes (e.g.,
composting, anaerobic digestion). Since the waste in Israel has a high organic material content, it was found that the most
cost-effective means to treat the degradable organic components is by aerobic composting (investment of less than US$ 10 to
reduce emission of one ton CO2 equivalent per year). Another benefit of this technology is the ability to implement it within a short period. The suggested
approach, which should be implemented especially in developing countries, could reduce a significant amount of GHG at relatively
low cost and short time. The development of a national policy for proper waste treatment can be a significant means to abate
GHG emissions in the short term, enabling a gain in time to develop other means for the long run. In addition, the use of
CO2 quotas will credit the waste sector and will promote profitable proper waste management. 相似文献
534.
Robert B. Wenger Charles R. Rhyner Edith E. Wagoner 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》1997,20(4):267-276
Some states measure progress in their waste reduction programs on the basis of recycling rates, while others use disposal-based reduction rates. It is generally recognized that these two measures are conceptually distinct. Nevertheless, when informational surveys of waste reduction activities are compiled, the data are usually combined in a manner that blurs this distinction and complicates the issues involved. In this paper, these two concepts are defined in a precise manner and equations are derived which clearly depict the relationship between recycling rates and disposal-based reduction rates. Information from a national survey and the US Environmental Protection Agency is used to illustrate the concepts which are developed in the paper. 相似文献
535.
Ynte K. Van Dam 《Environmental management》1996,20(5):607-614
When marketing environmentally responsible packaged products, the producer is confronted with consumer beliefs concerning the environmental friendliness of packaging materials. When making environmentally conscious packaging decisions, these consumer beliefs should be taken into account alongside the technical guidelines. Dutch consumer perceptions of the environmental friendliness of packaged products are reported and compared with the results of a life-cycle analysis assessment. It is shown that consumers judge environmental friendliness mainly from material and returnability. Furthermore, the consumer perception of the environmental friendliness of packaging material is based on the postconsumption waste, whereas the environmental effects of production are ignored. From the consumer beliefs concerning environmental friendliness implications are deduced for packaging policy and for environmental policy. 相似文献
536.
Masaru Tanaka 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》1999,1(1):10-16
Japan's basic approach to municipal solid waste (MSW) is (1) waste reduction, (2) promotion of recycling, (3) volume reduction
by intermediate treatment, and (4) environmentally sound final disposal. A brief history of legislative trends in waste management
is given as background for current waste management and recycling activities. The material recovery rate for MSW collected
by local municipalities was only 5.6% in 1996. More than half of MSW, on a volume basis, consists of containers and packages,
while great amounts of landfill space are also taken up by bulky wastes such as electric appliances. Therefore, in order to
promote recycling and decrease landfill waste, Japan is targeting containers, packages, and electric appliances. A law promoting
separate collection and recycling of containers and packages (Packaging Waste Recycling Law) and a law requiring the recycling
of specific home electric appliances into new products (Home Electric Appliance Recycling Law) were introduced in June 1995
and June 1998, respectively. These laws are in line with the OECD policy Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).
Received: September 16, 1998 / Accepted: March 10, 1999 相似文献
537.
本文介绍了采用混凝-射流高速气流法处理煤气洗涤循环废水的技术及在工程中的应用。该地煤气洗涤废水焦洗洗去除率为40-80%,悬浮和去除率为80-95%,挥发酚八方经为10%,较好地满足了发生炉煤所洗涤废水循环回用的水质要求。 相似文献
538.
Development of a catalytic cracking process for converting waste plastics to petrochemicals 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Junya Nishino Masaaki Itoh Tadashi Ishinomori Nobuhiko Kubota Yoshio Uemichi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2003,5(2):89-93
The catalytic degradation of polyolefin using H-gallosilicates was examined using a bench-scale reactor (0.8kg/h) with semicontinuous feeding and the following plastics: (1) low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pellets; (2) linear low-density polyethylene (L-LDPE) pellets; (3) high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pellets; (4) polypropylene (PP) pellets; (5) polyolefin obtained from pulverized industrial waste plastics. The yields of liquid compounds from these materials, which were aromatics in most cases, ranged from 55wt% to 68wt%. With an increase in the ratio of total reactant to catalyst, the liquid yield remained the same. Yields of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTXs) decreased rapidly to below 50wt% at a ratio of more than 30. Differences in this ratio for BTXs were always small and were independent of the material. Only about half of the gas product was propane with a fresh catalyst. When the experiments were repeated, propylene, isobutane, and isobutene were found to increase. 相似文献
539.
Waste plastics recycling process using coke ovens 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Kenji?KatoEmail author Seiji?Nomura Hiroshi?Uematsu 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2003,5(2):98-101
The Japan Iron and Steel Federation (JISF), as its voluntary energy-saving action plan, proposed a 10% energy reduction by 2010 with 1990 as the basis. Further, it has suggested an additional 1.5% energy saving by the use of waste plastics as a metallurgical raw material. The amount of processing of waste plastics which corresponds to this amount of energy conversion is about 1 million t scale during 1 year. Conventional known methods for recycle-processing of waste plastics include, for example, the method of injection into a blast furnace to use waste plastics as an iron-ore reducing agent instead of coal. On the other hand, the coking process is considered to be suitable as a waste plastic recycling facility because the process involves coal carbonization in a high-temperature and reducing atmosphere. Carbonization tests with mixed waste plastics were conducted with laboratory equipment and in actual coke ovens. As a result, it was confirmed that the waste plastics recycling process using coke ovens is feasible. Therefore, a waste plastics recycling process using coke ovens was started as a chemical recycling technology at Nippon Steel. 相似文献
540.
中国的污水处理与水环境管理政策 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
孙锡凯 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2003,13(2):5-7
中国已建有420座污水处理厂,城市污水处理率达30%以上。但污水处理任务仍很艰巨,必须采取加强工业污染防治,建设大批新的污水处理厂和控制面源污染等对策。 相似文献