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681.
Characteristic levels of heavy metals in soil profiles of automobile mechanic waste dumps in Nigeria
The characteristic levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn) of soil profiles of automobile mechanic waste dumps
were studied. The concentration of heavy metals decreased with the depth of the profile and lateral distance from the dumpsites.
The levels found in this study exceeded background concentrations and limits for agricultural and residential purposes. The
distribution pattern of heavy metals in the soil profiles were in the following order Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd > Ni > Cr. The mechanic
waste dumps represent potential sources of heavy metal pollution to environment. The elevated levels of heavy metals in these
soil profiles constitute a serious threat to both surface and groundwater. 相似文献
682.
Most Taiwanese farmers usually blend rice straws into the soil after harvest. However, rice straws possess great thermal energy, which can be used to produce refuse-derived fuel (RDF-5). As Taiwan faces energy shortage, the development benefits of the RDF-5 industry are tempting. This study employs the Hotelling model to design the locations and the optimal numbers of RDF-5 plants. From the technology and material supply point of view, turning waste rice straws into RDF-5 is feasible in Taiwan. Nevertheless, from the business operation perspective, even if the RDF-5 plant is willing to lower its profit rate, its selling price is still hard to compete with imported RDF-5. If the Taiwanese government decides to pursue RDF-5 as an alternative energy, they might need to take a step further to subsidize entrepreneurs or provide appropriate tax benefits. Otherwise, the RDF-5 industry is hard to survive in Taiwan. 相似文献
683.
Imen Bekri-Abbes Sami Bayoudh Mohamed Baklouti 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2006,14(3):249-256
Waste of polystyrene was converted into a cation exchange resin and was used for the removal of lead and cadmium metals from aqueous solution. Wastes consisting of coffee cups were crushed into small pieces and immersed into a solution of sulfuric acid in order to attach sulfonic group to polymer chain, these groups are responsible for the exchange properties of the modified plastic. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was determined and was comparable to commercial exchangers. The adsorption isotherms of resin with synthetic wastewater containing lead and cadmium ions were tested. Adsorption analysis results obtained at various concentrations showed that the adsorption pattern on the resin followed Langmuir isotherms. 相似文献
684.
Wei Wu Katsuya Kawamoto Hidetoshi Kuramochi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2006,8(1):70-77
The purpose of this study was to establish a fuel process for an advanced power generation system in which hydrogen-rich synthesis
gas, as the fuel for the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), can be extracted from biomass via gasification and reforming technologies.
Experiments on waste wood gasification were performed using a bench-scale gasification system. The main factors influencing
hydrogen generation in the noncatalytic process and in the catalytic process were investigated, and temperature was identified
as the most important factor. At 950°C, without employing a catalyst, hydrogen-rich synthesis gas containing about 54 vol%
hydrogen was extracted from feedstock with appropriately designed operation parameters for the steam/carbon ratio and the
equivalence ratio. However, by employing a commercial steam reforming catalyst in the reforming process, similar results were
obtained at 750°C. 相似文献
685.
Activated fly ash/slag blended cement 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Feng-Qing Zhao Wen Ni Hui-Jun Wang Hong-Jie Liu 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2007,52(2):303-313
This paper presents the results of the preparation of an ecological cementing material from granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) and Class C fly ash (CCFA). The desulphurization gypsum, calcined at 600–800 °C for 0.5–1.5 h, works as the main ingredient of the activator in the cementing material. The optimized formulation of the cementing material was obtained with the aid of factorial design method: slag, 70%; CCFA, 18%; activator, 12%. The “partial super-fine grinding process” was adopted to improve the performance, i.e., 85% of the mixture is ground to Blaine fineness of 3500 cm2/g, 15% further ground to around 5000 cm2/g. The compressive strength of 28 days of the cement mortar is up to 49 MPa and flexural strength 8.4 MPa. The hydration products, investigated by SEM and X-ray diffraction, are mainly ettringite and C–S–H gel. 相似文献
686.
Analysis of products from the pyrolysis and liquefaction of single plastics and waste plastic mixtures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Waste plastics in the form of two examples of real world municipal solid waste plastics and a simulated mixture of municipal waste plastics were pyrolysed and liquefied under moderate temperature and pressure in a batch autoclave reactor. In addition, the five main polymers which constitute the majority of plastics occurring in European municipal solid waste comprising, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride were also reacted. The plastics were reacted under both a nitrogen (pyrolysis) and hydrogen pressure (liquefaction) and the yield and composition of products are reported. The hydrocarbon gases produced were mainly methane, ethane, propane and lower concentrations of alkene gases. A mainly oil product was produced with the mixed plastic waste with significant concentrations of aromatic compounds, including single ring aromatic compounds. The composition of the oils and gases suggested that there was significant interaction of the plastics when they were pyrolysed and liquefied as a mixture compared to the results expected from reactions of the single plastics. 相似文献
687.
Juergen Vehlow Britta Bergfeldt Rian Visser Carl Wilén 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(2):130-139
In the European Union (EU), waste management is almost totally regulated by EU directives, which supply a framework for national
regulations. The main target in view of sustainability is the prevention of direct disposal of reactive waste in landfills.
The tools to comply with these principles are recycling and material recovery as well as waste incineration with energy recovery
for final inertization. The adaptation of the principles laid down in EU directives is an ongoing process. A number of countries
have already enacted respective national regulations and their realization shows that recycling and incineration are not in
competition but are both essential parts of integrated waste management systems. In the EU, the amount of residual waste available
for energy recovery can supply approximately 1% of the primary energy demand. About 50% of the energy inventory of municipal
solid waste (MSW) in most EU countries is of biogenic origin, and MSW is to the same extent to be looked upon as regenerative
fuel. Hence part of the CO2 released from waste incineration is climate neutral. In the EU, this share could produce savings of the order of 1% of annual
CO2 emissions if energy from MSW replaced that derived from fossil fuel. 相似文献
688.
Marine debris (marine litter) is one of the most pervasive and solvable pollution problems plaguing the world’s oceans and waterways. Nets, food wrappers, cigarette filters, bottles, resin pellets,
and other debris items can have serious impacts on wildlife, habitat, and human safety. Successful management of the problem
requires a comprehensive understanding of both marine debris and human behavior. Knowledge is key for consumers to make appropriate
choices when it comes to using and disposing of waste items. Education and outreach programs, strong laws and policies, and
governmental and private enforcement are the building blocks for a successful marine pollution prevention initiative. The
plastic industry also has a role to play in educating its employees and customers, and searching for technological mitigation
strategies. 相似文献
689.
Naoto Mihara Dalibor Kuchar Yoshihiro Kojima Hitoki Matsuda 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(1):21-26
From the point of view of a sustainable and environment-friendly society based on the recycling of material resources, it
is preferable to utilize waste gypsum as a substitute for lime, which is currently produced by the calcination of limestone.
In the present work, the reductive decomposition of CaSO4 was investigated under an atmosphere of CO: 2 vol%, CO2: 30 vol%, with N2 as a carrier gas without and with the addition of SiO2, Al2O3, or Fe2O3. It was found that the decomposition temperature of CaSO4 was significantly reduced from 1673 K to 1223 K when only 5 wt% Fe2O3 was added to CaSO4. In the case of the addition of SiO2 or Al2O3 to CaSO4, the decomposition temperature was reduced from 1673 K to 1623 K. This was due to the formation of composite oxides (calcium
ferrite, calcium silicate, or calcium aluminate) during the reaction of CaSO4 with the additives at a lower temperature. In addition, the formation of unfavorable product CaS was inhibited in the presence
of 5 wt% Fe2O3, and this inhibition effect further increased as the addition of Fe2O3 was increased. In contrast, no significant effect on the inhibition of CaS formation was observed on the addition of SiO2 or Al2O3. 相似文献
690.
Toshiyuki Nomura Shunsuke Araki Takanori Nagao Yasuhiro Konishi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(1):34-39
The dewatering of waste sludge continues to be a major problem in wastewater treatment. In this study, the solubilization
treatment of waste sludge and extracellular polymeric substances using a solubilizing reagent was examined experimentally.
For this purpose, a compression test of thickened waste sludge obtained after solubilization treatment was carried out. The
total solid content of the dewatered cake was over 30% when using hydrochloric acid or acetic acid as the solubilizing reagent;
however, it was about 20% when using sodium hydroxide. The thickened waste sludge was effectively solubilized when the concentration
of acetic acid in the sludge, assuming that it was diluted by free water and not bound water in the sludge, was greater than
0.3 kmol/m3. A flocculated sedimentation test using the supernatant water after solubilization treatment was also carried out, revealing
that it functions in a similar manner to commercial flocculant in aggregating solid particles under gravity. This result indicates
that the supernatant water can act as a bioflocculant. Methane fermentation of the supernatant water was subsequently carried
out. The findings showed that by using acetic acid as a solubilizing reagent, solubilized organic substances in the supernatant
water could be recovered as a bioenergy resource. 相似文献