泔脚的厌氧消化处理可行性研究

介绍了作者在泔脚厌氧消化处理方面的研究情况，作者通过新鲜泔脚的特性分析试验、脱水实验、最佳接种率，最佳含水率实验，最大有机负荷实验等一系列系统的实验。完成了工程小试，达到了实验目的，得到了一些对实际工程应用十分有用的数据。认为厌氧消化对泔脚的处理是生态上比较合理，经济上可行的处理方法。     

Preparation of ultrahigh-surface-area sludge biopolymers-based carbon using alkali treatment for organic matters recovery coupled to catalytic pyrolysis

In this work, we employed waste activated sludge (WAS) as carbon source to prepare ultrahigh specific surface area (SSA) biopolymers-based carbons (BBCs) through alkali (KOH) treatment coupled to pyrolysis strategy. Before the pyrolysis process, the involvement of KOH made a great recovery of soluble biopolymers from WAS, resulting in highly-efficient catalytic pyrolysis. The Brunner-Emmett-Teller and pore volume of BBCs prepared at 800°C (BBC₈₀₀) reached the maximum at 2633.89 m²·g^?1 and 2.919 m³·g^?1, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that aromatic carbon in the form of C=C was the dominant fraction of C element in BBCs. The N element in BBCs were composed of pyrrolic nitrogen and pyridinic nitrogen at 700°C, while a new graphitic nitrogen appeared over 800°C. As a refractory pollutant of wastewater treatment plants, tetracycline (TC) was selected to evaluate adsorption performance of BBCs. The adsorption behavior of BBCs towards TC was conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir models, signifying that chemisorption of monolayers was dominant in TC adsorption. The adsorption capacity of BBC₈₀₀ reached the maximum at 877.19 mg·g^?1 for 90 min at 298 K. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. Hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interaction were mainly responsible for TC adsorption, and interfacial diffusion was the main rate-control step in adsorption process. The presence of soluble microbial products (SMPs) enhanced TC removal. This work provided a novel strategy to prepare bio-carbon with ultrahigh SSA using WAS for highly-efficient removal of organic pollutants.     

Effects of sludge age on anaerobic acidification of waste activated sludge: Volatile fatty acids production and phosphorus release

Effects of sludge age on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and Phosphorus (P) release during anaerobic acidification of waste activated sludge (WAS) were investigated. Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) fed with simulating domestic sewage were applied to produce WAS of different sludge ages, and batch tests were used for anaerobic acidification. The maximum dissolved total organic carbon, release of  ${\text{PO}}_4^{3+}?\mathrm{P}$, and accumulation of acetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4), and valerate (C5) decreased by 56.2%, 55.8%, 52.6%, 43.7%, 82.4% and 84.8%, respectively, as the sludge age of WAS increased from 5 to 40 days. Limited degradation of protein played a dominating role in decreasing DTOC and VFAs production. Moreover, the increase in molecular weight of organics and organic nitrogen content in the supernatant after acidification suggested that the refractory protein in WAS increased as sludge age extended. Although the production of C2, C3, C4, and C5 from WAS decreased as the sludge age increased, the proportions of C2 and C3 in VFAs increased, which might be due to the declined production of C5 from protein and the faded genus Dechlorobacter. Keeping sludge age of WAS at a relatively low level (<10 days) is more appropriate for anaerobic acidification of WAS as internal carbon sources and P resource.     

Wastewater remediation using coal ash

 Small-scale domestic septic tanks discharge excess nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as pathogens, which can degrade local water supplies. Unfortunately, traditional chemical and physical treatments are not practicable for single-home dwellings. This work reports on a potentially attractive solution to protect local water supplies by using a low-cost industrial waste, coal ash, for contaminant removal. Coal ash is produced as a consequence of electric power generation. The majority of the ash is disposed of in landfills and surface impoundments, or stored on- or off-site, producing large hills or leveling valleys. Only a small portion of the ash is ever utilized, mainly by cement industries and road construction. For example, in Canada less than 25% is used. Therefore, if useful applications can be found, an opportunity exists to make better use of this waste material. Bench-scale laboratory experiments and full-scale field tests show that coal ash has the capacity to remove phosphorus from domestic waste water. The experimental and field data demonstrate that phosphate levels and calcium levels can be correlated, although not in a simple manner. In addition, the ash in packed beds removed total suspended solid (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃—N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and E. coli. The removal of E. coli was close 100% in the cases studied. Received: May 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 5, 2002     

城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液水量水质的确定

本文论述了3种渗滤液水量预测法,推荐采用Q＝CIA×10－3公式;介绍了确定渗滤液水质的方法;根据国内外渗滤液水质实测值,分析了水质特点,认为我国渗滤液浓渡呈增加趋势。     

废纸脱墨废水混凝性能研究

对脱墨废水混凝处理的混凝剂和助凝剂的种类和用量进行了试验．结果表明：ＰＩＯ较硫酸铝混凝性能好，添加少量ＰＡＭ助凝剂有利于絮凝物的沉降，脱墨废水中ＳＳ、ＣＯＤＣｒ和ＢＯＤ５的去除率分别达到８５．４％，７８．２％和７１．７％．     

Synthesis of linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly (acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite as an adsorbent for removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions

The purpose of this work is to remove Pb(II) from the aqueous solution using a type of hydrogel composite. A hydrogel composite consisting of waste linear low density polyethylene, acrylic acid, starch, and organo-montmorillonite was prepared through emulsion polymerization method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Solid carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CNMR)), silicon^-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Si NMR)), and X-ray diffraction spectroscope ((XRD) were applied to characterize the hydrogel composite. The hydrogel composite was then employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from the aqueous solution. The Pb(II)-loaded hydrogel composite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ((XPS)). From XPS results, it was found that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of the hydrogel composite participated in the removal of Pb(II). Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption of Pb(II) followed the pseudo-second-order equation. It was also found that the Langmuir model described the adsorption isotherm better than the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum removal capacity of the hydrogel composite for Pb(II) ions was 430 mg/g. Thus, the waste linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly (acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite could be a promising Pb(II) adsorbent.     

关于固体废物污染环境防治法修改的研究思考

2019年6月,《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法（修订草案）》（以下简称草案）经国务院审议通过,并初次提请全国人大常委会审议。草案修订力度之大,值得充分肯定。同时,草案还存在不少提升空间,需要进一步深入研究。本文以习近平生态文明思想为引领,按照中央全面依法治国委员会第二次会议提出的加强立法统筹、立改废释并举要求,剖析了当前我国固体废物环境管理及其立法修法中面临的挑战,以及存在的突出问题;并从明确固废污染防治立法原则、强化政府统筹管理、明确各部门职责、强化区域统筹、完善跨区域转移监管机制、统筹国内外相关法律法规及政策文件等方面提出了完善草案的建议,以期为我国固废管理决策和草案修改提供参考。     

Molecular characterisation of the dissolved organic matter of wastewater effluents by MSSV pyrolysis GC-MS and search for source markers

Microscale sealed vessel pyrolysis (MSSVpy) was used to characterise the hydrophobic (HPO) and colloid (COL) fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the effluents (EFFs) of two waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) and several primary source waters (SWs). The EFFs showed a large range of anthropogenically sourced organics - including the metabolites of industrial chemicals (e.g., dioxanes, n- and sec-alkyl substituted benzenes and long chain alkyl phenols), pharmaceuticals (e.g., N- and S-heterocycles) and human waste (e.g., S- and N-organics, steranes/sterenes) - as well as high concentrations of alkyl aromatic and N-organic products (e.g., alkyl indoles, carbazoles and β-carbolines) attributed to the treatment biota. Some anthropogenic chemicals are potentially toxic at even trace levels, whilst the N-organics may be precursors for toxic N-disinfection by-products. Much lower concentrations of just a few of the anthropogenic and N-organic products were detected by more traditional flash pyrolysis (Flash-py) of the EFF samples, reflecting the higher sensitivity of MSSVpy to many chemical functionalities. Few of these products were detected in the corresponding MSSVpy analysis of the SWs, but these samples did show relatively high abundances of lignin (e.g., alkylphenols) and carbohydrate (e.g., furans) derived products. Their lower EFF abundances are consistent with efficient removal by the water treatment procedures applied. Conversely, the detection of the anthropogenics in the treated EFFs reflects their general resistance to treatment. Their occurrence in the HPO fractions isolated by XAD resin separation suggests a potential relationship with the structurally stable macromolecular fraction of the DOM.     

美国废水污染源自行监测制度及对我国的借鉴

介绍了美国以排污许可证制度为载体的废水污染源自行监测制度;自行监测方案包括监测内容、监测指标、监测点位、监测频次、采样方法等,依据排污许可证中关于污染物及其排放限值的规定而设计;自行监测数据用于污染源监督检查和制定国家排放限值。对于我国企业自行监测,提出了进一步明确自行监测的主体地位与自行监测数据的法律地位、分行业制定自行监测指南、建立污染源监测数据信息综合平台、加强与企业自行监测相关内容的培训等建议。