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571.
用政策作指导以法律为依据提高环境评价质量 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文提出了环境影响评价必须用政策作指导 ,以法律为依据 ,提高环境影响评价质量的几点意见。 相似文献
572.
Brian Miller Richard Reading Courtney Conway Jerome A. Jackson Michael Hutchins Noel Snyder Steve Forrest Jack Frazier Scott Derrickson 《Environmental management》1994,18(5):637-645
This paper discusses common organizational problems that cause inadequate planning and implementation processes of endangered
species recovery across biologically dissimilar species. If these problems occur, even proven biological conservation techniques
are jeopardized. We propose a solution that requires accountability in all phases of the restoration process and is based
on cooperative input among government agencies, nongovernmental conservation organizations, and the academic community. The
first step is formation of a task-oriented recovery team that integrates the best expertise into the planning process. This
interdisciplinary team should be composed of people whose skills directly address issues critical for recovery. Once goals
and procedures are established, the responsible agency (for example, in the United States, the US Fish and Wildlife Service)
could divest some or all of its obligation for implementing the plan, yet still maintain oversight by holding implementing
entities contractually accountable. Regular, periodic outside review and public documentation of the recovery team, lead agency,
and the accomplishments of implementing bodies would permit evaluation necessary to improve performance. Increased cooperation
among agency and nongovernmental organizations provided by this model promises a more efficient use of limited resources toward
the conservation of biodiversity. 相似文献
573.
On the choice of farm management practices after the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy in 2003 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was fundamentally reformed in 2003. From 2005, farmers will receive decoupled income support payments instead of production premiums if basic standards for environment, food safety, animal health and welfare are met. Farmers are likely to adjust production and management practices to the new policy framework. We describe how this reform fits into the EU strategy of making agricultural production more environmentally friendly by concentrating on the financial aspects of the reforms. Using an agricultural sector model for Austria, we show that the reform will further decrease agricultural outputs, reduce farm inputs, lessen nitrogen surpluses and make environmentally friendly management practices more attractive for farmers. 相似文献
574.
The effectiveness of different conservation policies is debated, but the policies are rarely evaluated quantitatively. A voluntary or 'soft' policy based mainly on education provides information about ecosystems and effects of land use, to encourage conservation action. Swedish forestry relies mainly on soft policy, with substantial resources for education and advice to more than 200,000 forest owners, while legal regulation is weak. Increased retention of broadleaved trees at clear-cutting, with environmental benefits in the conifer-dominated forestry, is important in the policy. We used the Swedish National Forest Inventory to analyse this policy for young forests in southern Sweden. Between 1983-1987 and 1998-2002 the policy had no positive effect on saplings (1.3m tall to 4.9 cm dbh) of birch, oak, beech and other species that mostly decreased in density, due to planting of conifers and browsing by ungulates. However, broadleaved conservation trees (>or=15 cm dbh) increased in density, e.g. to about one oak and six birches per ha in young coniferous forest in 1998-2002. The relative increase in density was higher for large (>or=20 cm dbh) than for small trees (15-20 cm dbh). The density of conservation trees was higher on forestland of high than of low productivity. Thus, the soft conservation policy did not influence regeneration of saplings in this type of forestry system, but large broadleaved trees were increasingly saved at 'clear-cuttings'. Advice and educational programmes probably contributed to this result. A continued increase in conservation trees at harvest may require economical support to forest owners. 相似文献
575.
This paper attempts to analyse the role of building energy efficiency (BEE) in China in addressing climate change mitigation. It provides an analysis of the current situation and future prospects for the adoption of BEE technologies in Chinese cities. It outlines the economic and institutional barriers to large-scale deployment of the sustainable, low-carbon, and even carbon-free construction techniques. Based on a comprehensive overview of energy demand characteristics and development trends driven by economic and demographic growth, different policy tools for cost-effective CO2 emission reduction in the Chinese construction sector are described. We propose a comprehensive approach combining building design and construction, and the urban planning and building material industries, in order to drastically improve BEE during this period of rapid urban development. A coherent institutional framework needs to be established to ensure the implementation of efficiency policies. Regulatory and incentive options should be integrated into the policy portfolios of BEE to minimise the efficiency gap and to realise sizeable carbon emissions cuts in the next decades. We analyse in detail several policies and instruments, and formulate relevant policy proposals fostering low-carbon construction technology in China. Specifically, Our analysis shows that improving building energy efficiency can generate considerable carbon emissions reduction credits with competitive price under the CDM framework. 相似文献
576.
Most developing countries, particularly Indonesia, will be facing problems of sludge pressure in the next decades due to the increase in practices of legal and illegal logging as well as land and water demands. Consequently, they will also be facing the challenges of soil erosion and sludge management due to increased quantities of sludge coming from several potential sources, such as activated sludge, chemical sludge, fecal sludge and solid wastes as well as erosion and sedimentation. Although the government of Indonesia has enacted laws and policies to speed up the implementation of the programs and activities related to sludge management, the detailed practice concepts in implementing the programs need to be identified. Discussion of role-sharing amongst the related government agencies, private institutions and other stakeholders is urgent for clarifying the participation of each party in the next years to come. This paper proposes a management approach and level of responsibilities in sludge management. Implementation of zero ΔQ, zero ΔS and zero ΔP policies needs to be adopted by local and central governments. Application of sludge on the agricultural lands and other uses will promote sustainable development. 相似文献
577.
Massimiliano Mazzanti Anna Montini Francesco Nicolli 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2009,54(1):53-61
Waste disposal is an issue that is becoming increasingly important in policy terms in the European Union, and in Italy, a country showing strong geographical heterogeneity in waste management. This paper analyses the process of decoupling/delinking between economic growth and landfilling trends in a framework where economic, policy, geographical elements and spatial issues are all considered as drivers behind the phenomenon. We exploit an original and very rich provincial panel dataset over 1999–2005 for the 103 Italian provinces. Evidence shows that the observed ‘absolute’ decoupling between economic growth and landfilling is driven by a mix of structural factors. Among the main factors, population density, more than the provincial income level, emerges as a crucial driver: local opportunity costs and landfill externalities matter in shaping waste policies and local commitment to a transition away from landfilling of waste (landfill diversion). However, not only structural factors are relevant. If on the one hand landfill taxes are not a significant driver of the phenomenon, waste management tools, such as separated collection for recycling, and the tariff system connected to waste services, bring about significant effect on the amount of landfilled waste. Moreover, regarding the analysis of spatial interrelations across provinces, we note that the presence of incinerators in nearby provinces increases landfill diversion, due probably to free riding behaviour or intra-provinces ‘agreements’ on waste management; this is not true for nearby landfill sites, that cause for a given province a strong lock in effect. Future research could strengthen the analysis of policy effectiveness at regional level, focusing on policy endogeneity, and the full investigation of spatial correlations in waste disposal performances. 相似文献
578.
Hein L 《Environmental management》2002,29(3):349-359
In the last decade, Indian shrimp aquaculture production tripled from 30,000 tons (1990) to 102,000 tons (1999). This fast
development, combined with a lack of adequate planning and regulation, caused a number of environmental problems and social
conflicts, including conversion of mangroves, water pollution, and salinization of drinking water wells. Because of the significant
investments made in shrimp culture and the size of the environmental and social impacts, the formulation of a regulatory framework
for shrimp aquaculture has been subject to an intensive debate between the aquaculture and the environmental lobbies. Following
an order from the Supreme Court (1996), the Aquaculture Authority was established and a regulatory and institutional framework
for the shrimp aquaculture sector has been set up. However, implementation of the system is still defective, and there is
an urgent need for improvement. Farmers are increasingly able to prevent the devastating white spot disease in shrimps, and
in the absence of proper planning and regulation, further expansion of shrimp production could result in significant additional
environmental and social costs. The environmental and social management of Indian shrimp farming can be improved through a
mix of policy measures, including strengthening of the license system, more effective enforcement of regulations, the use
of economic incentives, and increased monitoring of environmental and social impacts. 相似文献
579.
Setting Priorities for Research on Pollution Reduction Functions of Agricultural Buffers 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Dosskey MG 《Environmental management》2002,30(5):0641-0650
The success of buffer installation initiatives and programs to reduce nonpoint source pollution of streams on agricultural
lands will depend the ability of local planners to locate and design buffers for specific circumstances with substantial and
predictable results. Current predictive capabilities are inadequate, and major sources of uncertainty remain. An assessment
of these uncertainties cautions that there is greater risk of overestimating buffer impact than underestimating it.
Priorities for future research are proposed that will lead more quickly to major advances in predictive capabilities. Highest
priority is given for work on the surface runoff filtration function, which is almost universally important to the amount
of pollution reduction expected from buffer installation and for which there remain major sources of uncertainty for predicting
level of impact. Foremost uncertainties surround the extent and consequences of runoff flow concentration and pollutant accumulation.
Other buffer functions, including filtration of groundwater nitrate and stabilization of channel erosion sources of sediments,
may be important in some regions. However, uncertainty surrounds our ability to identify and quantify the extent of site conditions
where buffer installation can substantially reduce stream pollution in these ways.
Deficiencies in predictive models reflect gaps in experimental information as well as technology to account for spatial heterogeneity
of pollutant sources, pathways, and buffer capabilities across watersheds. Since completion of a comprehensive watershed-scale
buffer model is probably far off, immediate needs call for simpler techniques to gage the probable impacts of buffer installation
at local scales. 相似文献
580.
Ringrose S Chipanshi AC Matheson W Chanda R Motoma L Magole I Jellema A 《Environmental management》2002,30(1):98-109
For purposes of suggesting adaptive and policy options regarding the sustained use of forestry resources in Botswana, an analysis
of the whole countrywide satellite data (showing the mean present distribution of vegetation in terms of species abundance
and over all density) and the projection of vegetation cover changes using a simulation approach under different climatic
scenarios were undertaken. The analysis revealed that changes in vegetation cover types due to human and natural causes have
taken place since the first vegetation map was produced in 1971. In the southwest, the changes appear to be more towards an
increasing prevalence of thorn trees; in the eastern part of the country where widespread bush encroachment is taking place,
the higher population density suggests more human induced (agrarian-degradation) effects, while in the sparsely settled central
Kalahari region, changes from tree savanna to shrubs may be indicative of the possible influence of climate with the associated
effects of fires and local adaptations. Projection of future vegetation changes to about 2050 indicates degeneration of the
major vegetation types due to the expected drying. Based on the projected changes in vegetation, current adaptive and policy
arrangements are not adequate and as such a shift from the traditional adaptive approaches to community-based types is suggested.
Defining forestry management units and adopting different management plans for the main vegetation stands that are found in
Botswana are the major policy options. 相似文献