Intergovernmental relationships after disaster: state and local government learning during flood recovery in Colorado

ABSTRACT

When communities experience disaster, emergency response and recovery are led internally, based on local-level policy decisions and priorities. Decisions about how or whether to rebuild are made by local governments. Higher governmental authorities such as states and provinces may institute their own disaster recovery processes and policies in addition to or in competition with local governments. Greater intergovernmental engagement could increase resources and knowledge, which would yield higher levels of learning and result in superior disaster recovery policy outcomes. The role of higher authorities, then, can have important implications for policy processes and outcomes. The learning literature includes a dearth of studies that analyze the relationships between state and local governments during disaster recovery. We move the learning literature forward by analyzing intergovernmental relationships during disaster recovery. We find that learning within local governments is associated with higher levels of resource flows from state agencies as well as more collaborative intergovernmental relationships. We also find that state governments can improve processes for disaster recovery assistance and bring together disaster-affected local governments to promote learning during the recovery process. While this study focused on relationships constrained by U.S. federal dynamics, the lessons are useful to other multilevel governance systems.     

微波辅助溶样技术及其在环境监测中的应用

微波辅助制样技术是一种快速、低空白、二次污染少、节约能源并降低分析人员劳动强度的样品处理方法。对该技术的原理、特点和操作方法做了简要介绍，并对近年来该技术在生物、空气和废水、土壤和沉积物、固体废弃物等环境样品制备中的应用做了较详细的介绍和评述。     

室内装饰装修材料测试舱的研制与应用

介绍了测试舱的研制意义、测试舱构造和温度控制部分,以及空气交换、循环控制,空气净化装置和温度、湿度、流速显示装置等.通过实验,对测试舱的温度控制,空气净化系统检验,空气交换、循环的检验,释放甲醛平衡点的快速判断和测试舱的比对等运行技术指标进行了论证、优化.结果表明,简易的室内装饰装修材料测试舱对主要运行参数可以自动运行与控制,运行情况满足国家标准方法的技术指标要求,与同类商品化测试舱相比,误差在2%左右.     

高排放车遥感筛选在台湾的应用

机动车尾气遥感监测是一项较新的技术。文章介绍了台湾地区在机动车尾气遥感监测法规、标准制订、实施方面的成功经验,以及我国其他大城市可以从中借鉴的经验。     

Including past and present impacts in cumulative impact assessments

Environmental concerns such as loss of biological diversity and stratospheric ozone depletion have heightened awareness of the need to assess cumulative impacts in environmental documents. More than 20 years of experience with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) have provided analysts in the United States with opportunities for developing successful techniques to assess site-specific impacts of proposed actions. Methods for analyzing a proposed action's incremental contribution to cumulative impacts are generally less advanced than those for project-specific impacts.The President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) defines cumulative impact to include the impacts of past, present and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of who undertakes the action. Court decisions have helped clarify the distinction between reasonably foreseeable future actions and other possible future actions. This paper seeks to clarify how past and present impacts should be included in cumulative impact analyses.The definition of cumulative impacts implies that cumulative impact analyses should include the effects of all past and present actions on a particular resource. Including past and present impacts in cumulative impact assessments increases the likelihood of identifying significant impacts. NEPA requires agencies to give more consideration to alternatives and mitigation and to provide more opportunities for public involvement for actions that would have significant impacts than for actions that would not cause or contribute to significant impacts. For an action that would contribute to significant cumulative impacts, the additional cost and effort involved in increased consideration of alternatives and mitigation and in additional public involvement may be avoided if the action can be modified so that its contributions to significant cumulative impacts are eliminated.Managed by Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with the US Department of Energy.     

超滤膜技术在21世纪水处理领域的展望

本文介绍了半死端超滤膜技术的典型设备和运行工艺及其优化。并且介绍了在世界范围内此项技术在地下水,地表水等常规水源处理以及海水和污水回用等非常规水源方面的应用。     

From policy mix to policy networks: assessing climate and land use policy interactions in Mato Grosso,Brazil

ABSTRACT

In the climate and land use fields, policy mixes are complex in terms of the levels of governance, actors, and roles. They consist of policy instruments that target different actors and address multiple goals across several policy sectors and levels. The analysis of these complex arrangements extends beyond purely technical efficiency criteria, as several sources of tension between instruments may be identified, such as conflicting interests, goals, and approaches to implementation. The proliferation of governance networks complicates the understanding of actors’ interactions, the types of authority influencing the outcomes of policy mixes, and importance of different levels of governance. This article provides a framework to address these analytical challenges, particularly the interconnected networks of policy actors and policy instruments. It draws on polycentric governance literature to analyse how power matters in policy networks. This includes identifying distinct types of power, actors’ position, and variables that explain patterns of conflict, competition, convergence, and divergence in policy choices and outcomes. The framework is applied to the climate and land use policies implemented in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Several methods were used to clarify these variables and to characterise policy mixes being implemented in the region, including social network analysis.     

厌氧反应器技术研究开发情况简介

本文分析了厌氧反应器技术的发展过程,着重介绍了几种新型第三代厌氧反应器技术的原理和应用现状,以及我国目前对这些技术的研究开展情况,其中:升流式厌氧污泥床过滤器(UBF)研究取得了一定的成功经验;垂直折流厌氧污泥床反应器(VBASBR)缺乏应用生产实例;厌氧折流反应器(ABR)已有成功经验;内循环反应器(IC)还只限于部分废水的处理;膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器(ECSB)尚未有规模的生产投入使用。     

Water as an economic good

There has been much debate in recent years about whether or not water should be regarded as an 'economic good', and, if so, what this implies. This paper discusses both water resources in general and the more specific issue of domestic water supply within the context of current debates on sustainable development. It addresses some practical and some more philosophical aspects of the matter, and how these relate to the concerns of different international organisations involved in the sector. It argues that water should be regarded as an economic good, but in a broad rather than a narrow, 'economistic' sense.     

不同政策组合的战略环境影响评价

根据政策与环境相互作用机理 ,将政策分为直接作用于环境为主的政策、间接作用于环境为主的政策和直接作用与间接作用兼具并重的政策三类 ;运用众多典型的实例分析同类内政策组合、不同类间政策组合的战略环境影响评价的方法和原理