化工园区大气在线监控优先污染物筛选方法研究

针对当前我国化工园区污染物在线监控的需求,借鉴国内外研究的经验,以污染物的致癌性、急性毒性、化学反应活性为筛选因子,提出了一套简易的在线监控优先污染物筛选方法,并以宁波石化工业园为实例,筛选出46种优先监控污染物,名单主要包括烷烃类1种,烯烃类8种,卤代烃类6种,醛酮类3种,醚类2种,酚类1种,芳烃类12种,杂环化合物1种,醇类3种,胺类4种,硝基化合物1种,无机化合物3种及丙烯腈,为后续大气污染物在线监控的设置提供了科学依据.     

矿井风流年龄与矿井空气品质分析

矿井空气品质是矿井通风理论的新思路，是人们认识矿井空气环境的一种科学方法。通过对矿井风流年龄与矿井空气品质分析，重点论述和讨论了矿井风流年龄的定义及其计算；矿井风流污染物的定义，通风分支均匀释放污染物时分支空气污染物浓度的计算，局部集中散发污染物的分支污染物浓度计算；矿井空气品质的定义，任意分支空气品质的计算，分支汇合点的空气品质计算；研究了矿井风流空气品质随时间、空间变化的动态性，分析了矿井空气品质与矿井风流年龄及污染物的关系。矿井空气品质是矿井通风设计和评价矿井风流质量的重要理论依据     

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by sensitized room temperature phosphorescence

Direct and selective simultaneous determination of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by sensitized room temperature phosphorescence in sodium dodecylsulphate micellar solutions was studied. This approach improved, for example, the selectivity factor in determining pyrene in the presence of fluoranthene by a factor of 350, and determined benz[a]anthracene and anthracene in the presence of pyrene with the selectivity factors as high as 200–220. Triphaflavine and acridine orange as triplet energy donors, thallium (I) nitrate as a heavy atom, and sodium sulphite were used as scavengers of oxygen. A comparative study of linear concentration ranges, detection limits and selectivity factors is presented here for pyrene, benz[a]anthracene and anthracene determination by fluorescence, phosphorescence and sensitized phosphorescence. Electronic Publication     

The effect of surface-active solutes on water flow and contaminant transport in variably saturated porous media with capillary fringe effects

Organic contaminants that decrease the surface tension of water (surfactants) can have an effect on unsaturated flow through porous media due to the dependence of capillary pressure on surface tension. We used an intermediate-scale 2D flow cell (2.44 x 1.53 x 0.108 m) packed with a fine silica sand to investigate surfactant-induced flow perturbations. Surfactant solution (7% 1-butanol and dye tracer) was applied at a constant rate at a point source located on the soil surface above an unconfined synthetic aquifer with ambient groundwater flow and a capillary fringe of approximately 55 cm. A glass plate allowed for visual flow and transport observations. Thirty instrumentation stations consist of time domain reflectometry probes and tensiometers measured in-situ moisture content and pressure head, respectively. As surfactant solution was applied at the point source, a transient flow perturbation associated with the advance of the surfactant solution was observed. Above the top of the capillary fringe the advance of the surfactant solution caused a visible drainage front that radiated from the point source. Upon reaching the capillary fringe, the drainage front caused a localized depression of the capillary fringe below the point source because the air-entry pressure decreased in proportion to the decrease in surface tension caused by the surfactant. Eventually, a new capillary fringe height was established. The height of the depressed capillary fringe was proportional to height of the initial capillary fringe multiplied by the relative surface tension of the surfactant solution. The horizontal transport of surfactant in the depressed capillary fringe, driven primarily by the ambient groundwater flow, caused the propagation of a wedge-shaped drying front in the downgradient direction. Comparison of dye transport during the surfactant experiment to dye transport in an experiment without surfactant indicated that because surfactant-induced drainage decreased the storage capacity of the vadose zone, the dye breakthrough time to the water table was more than twice as fast when the contaminant solution contained surfactant. The extensive propagation of the drying front and the effect of vadose zone drainage on contaminant breakthrough time suggest the importance of considering surface tension effects on unsaturated flow and transport in systems containing surface-active organic contaminants or systems, where surfactants are used for remediation of the vadose zone or unconfined aquifers.     

卤代烃污染物的电化学氧化还原降解技术研究进展

开发新型的、无害化降解卤代烃污染物的处理方法已成为环境科学研究的难点和热点.有关卤代烃污染物的电化学氧化还原处理方法也逐渐引起了国际上的重视.在论述了电化学氧化和电化学还原两种方法处理卤代烃污染物的技术原理基础上,对电化学处理卤代烃污染物的研究现状进行了综述,着重介绍了目前应用该技术处理一些卤代烃污染物的电流效率以及电极研究的进展.探讨了电化学氧化还原降解技术在这一领域应用的可行性.     

生物法净化有机污染物的酶反应动力学修正

以生化法处理有机污染物的系统为讨论对象 ,从底物负荷影响微生物生长的角度出发 ,通过对有机污染物负荷与生化反应速度之间的关系的分析 ,得出进口底物浓度的大小会影响生物反应器内微生物的量的多少 ,从而影响器内的生化反应速率的结论 ,并按照“稳定平衡”假说的设想 ,建立了修正的Michaelis -Menten公式     

有色金属工业中持久性有机污染物的来源及其控制对策

介绍了四类非故意排放的持久性有机污染物及其形成条件,深入研究了有色金属冶炼、再生生产过程及有色金属深加工过程中持久性有机污染物的来源,并提出了在有色金属工业中控制持久性有机污染物排放的对策和措施。     

生活大气污染物排放总量核定办法

提出了生活大气污染物总量核定办法，依据南京市2000年生活燃料消耗情况，估算了2000年南京市生活大气污染物SO2、NO2、TSP的排放总量。     

三峡水库对长江,嘉陵江重庆城区段水质影响初探

本文利用已有的研究成果，初步探讨了三峡工程兴建之后，在正常蓄水位时长江，嘉陵江重庆城区段的水文，水力学特征，预测了重庆城区范围２０１０年的污染物排放水平，用二维水质模型对建库后两江城区段的水质进行了模拟，并对建库前后的浓度变化作了大致的比较。     

影响有机污染物在土壤中的迁移、转化行为的因素

本文介绍了有机污染物在土壤中的吸附与解吸附、渗滤、挥发和降解等行为过程。探讨了吸附与解吸附机理、土壤有机质含量和类型、水分含量及温度等对此过程的影响。依据某些典型的化合物行为模型,论述了影响土壤中有机污染物渗滤的因素。有机污染物需要先从土壤深层迁移至地表,然后挥发至大气,在土壤中迁移的速率较慢,控制着整个挥发过程,可用Ｆｉｃｋ 第二定律来描述。有机污染物在土壤中的非生物降解主要包括氧化－ 还原、光解和水解等反应。土壤中的Ｏ２ 含量、土壤有机质成分和含量、辐射强度、光谱分布、土壤水分含量、温度和ｐＨ 值等都会影响非生物降解过程。其中有些因素通过影响微生物的生物活性,还影响有机污染物的生物降解