Environmental history: A piece in the puzzle for establishing plans for environmental management

Establishment of plans for environmental planning and management requires that a number of natural and societal factors must be taken into consideration. Insights into the inherent dynamics of nature as well as the role that past human activities have played for establishing the current condition of the landscape and the natural environment in general are essential. Many natural and man-made changes occur over time scales of decades or centuries, and these are difficult to comprehend without a historical perspective. Such a perspective can be obtained using palaeoecological studies, i.e. by geochemical and biological analyses of lake sediment and peat deposits. To illustrate the long-term dynamics of nature and particularly the role of man, we present here five case studies from Sweden concerning pollution, lake acidification, lake eutrophication, biodiversity, and landscape dynamics and conservation – topics of broad interests – and discuss benefits of including a longer time perspective in environmental management.     

China's water scarcity

China has been facing increasingly severe water scarcity, especially in the northern part of the country. China's water scarcity is characterized by insufficient local water resources as well as reduced water quality due to increasing pollution, both of which have caused serious impacts on society and the environment. Three factors contribute to China's water scarcity: uneven spatial distribution of water resources; rapid economic development and urbanization with a large and growing population; and poor water resource management. While it is nearly impossible to adjust the first two factors, improving water resource management represents a cost-effective option that can alleviate China's vulnerability to the issue. Improving water resource management is a long-term task requiring a holistic approach with constant effort. Water right institutions, market-based approaches, and capacity building should be the government's top priority to address the water scarcity issue.     

重庆市大气污染特征及其影响因素分析

该文通过对2002-2007年重庆市环境空气质量资料做统计分析,评价了近几年重庆市区的大气环境污染状况,并分析了重庆市大气污染的主要特征及其影响因素,得出了相应的结论并提出了一些具体的建议。     

锅炉烟尘测试有关问题探讨

锅炉烟尘测试方法中规定,在锅炉运行出力大于锅炉额定负荷７０％时的工况条件下,烟尘的测试结果才为有效。为此,应用有关数学公式进行计算,根据计算结果判断当时的锅炉运行工况是否符合测试要求,以避免无效监测。     

International cooperation around the North Sea basin

During the past 25 years, the management of marine ecosystems has evolved significantly. Due to the increased use of the sea and the increased awareness of adverse impacts of certain human activities in and around the sea, which has been a common good for a long time—‘Mare Liberum’—an international and integrated approach has become increasingly important to regulate the use of our common seas. From the late 1960s onwards, intergovernmental meetings have taken place in order to tackle the problems of international pollution of seas and oceans. One reason for this attention was the Torrey Canyon accident in 1967, which triggered the start of the Bonn Agreement in 1969 for coordinating the combat mission against oil and chemical spills in the North Sea. After the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, with the involvement of the European Union, the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), other regional and global Conventions, as well as the North Sea Ministerial Conferences were established. These continuous international efforts have resulted in a considerable reduction of the input of certain contaminants and of nutrients (in particular phosphate) into the marine environment. However, not all problems have yet been solve. The North Sea Ministers agreed at the Conference in Esbjerg (1995) to aim at a reduction of the input of all hazardous substances within one generation, in order to reach the goal of negligible risks of pollution. Furthermore, there is a general aim to minimize adverse effects of disturbing activities. The challenge, now and in the future, is to find a balance between economic development and environmental protection of our international marine waters aiming at a sustainable development of the marine resources by employing scientifically based measures and, in situations where there are reasonable grounds for concern but no conclusive links between cause and problem, applying the precautionary principle with respect to pollution and disturbing activities.     

沈阳地区一次颗粒物重污染天气过程的气象成因分析

为探究沈阳地区重污染天气成因,文章利用地面、高空气象观测资料、风廓线雷达资料、NECP再分析资料以及大气污染物监测资料,对2019年3月1～6日沈阳地区出现的一次持续性重污染天气过程,探讨了大气污染物质量浓度、地面气象要素变化特征、大气环流配置与外来输送等特征.结果表明,均压场、地面风场弱及辐合、高温高湿是本次重污染天...     

烟尘监测时采样滤筒的质量控制

介绍了合格滤筒的筛选方法和采样滤筒在实验室分析中的质量控制,分析了影响滤筒称量恒重的原因,指出空气湿度、冷却时间和烘干时间对滤筒称量恒重都有影响.     

环境中全氟有机物的毒性、检测分析及降解

自全氟有机物广泛使用50多年以来,已经在世界范围内发现一定浓度的全氟有机物,各国研究人员针对该类物质特别是全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟辛烷基磺酸(PFOS)进行了一定的研究.介绍了该类物质的污染现状,阐述了全氟有机物的毒性、检测分析技术及降解技术,在此基础上提出了今后的研究方向.     

建立环境风险防范体系加强对环境风险的管理

阐明了环境风险管理的必要性,提出了环境风险管理的对策和措施。同时,结合当前环境突发事件应急预案编制存在的主要问题,提出了浙江省规范环境突发事件应急预案编制的建议。     

钼矿区土壤中重金属污染状况的分析与评价

对葫芦岛钼矿区土壤重金属污染的情况进行了详细研究。选择土壤样本80个,采用HNO3-HF-HClO4混酸对土壤样品进行处理,运用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定土壤样品中Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mo的含量,全面系统地评价土壤重金属污染现状。结果表明,该矿区土壤重金属As、Cd和Hg污染较为严重,平均含量分别达154.13mg/kg,74.92mg/kg和3.06mg/kg。不同片区间存在明显差别,污染强度以矿山山沿污染最高,其次是运输区、选矿厂及矿区附近山地,内梅罗综合指数分别为78.34、74.34、71.42、68.55。