Aligning science and policy to achieve evolutionarily enlightened conservation

There is increasing recognition among conservation scientists that long‐term conservation outcomes could be improved through better integration of evolutionary theory into management practices. Despite concerns that the importance of key concepts emerging from evolutionary theory (i.e., evolutionary principles and processes) are not being recognized by managers, there has been little effort to determine the level of integration of evolutionary theory into conservation policy and practice. We assessed conservation policy at 3 scales (international, national, and provincial) on 3 continents to quantify the degree to which key evolutionary concepts, such as genetic diversity and gene flow, are being incorporated into conservation practice. We also evaluated the availability of clear guidance within the applied evolutionary biology literature as to how managers can change their management practices to achieve better conservation outcomes. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of maintaining genetic diversity, conservation policies provide little guidance about how this can be achieved in practice and other relevant evolutionary concepts, such as inbreeding depression, are mentioned rarely. In some cases the poor integration of evolutionary concepts into management reflects a lack of decision‐support tools in the literature. Where these tools are available, such as risk‐assessment frameworks, they are not being adopted by conservation policy makers, suggesting that the availability of a strong evidence base is not the only barrier to evolutionarily enlightened management. We believe there is a clear need for more engagement by evolutionary biologists with policy makers to develop practical guidelines that will help managers make changes to conservation practice. There is also an urgent need for more research to better understand the barriers to and opportunities for incorporating evolutionary theory into conservation practice.     

长江经济带陆路交通可达性格局演变研究

基于长江经济带1988、2001、2012年路网数据,在Arc GIS软件支持下,以长江经济带110个地级以上城市为基本研究单元,平均可达性为测度指标,对长江经济带城市及城市间可达性进行测算,探讨其格局演变特征。结果表明:(1)长江经济带区域整体可达性改善明显,但东部地区可达性水平优于西部地区的现象未得到有效改善;(2)区域内任一栅格到达最近城市所需时间逐步缩短,1 h圈空间格局由散点分布逐步向网络分布转变;(3)可达性改善状况区域差异显著,西部地区改善值远高于中部地区,平均可达性值越大其改善值越大;(4)城市间可达性水平得到显著提升,可达性水平主导频率由1988年的12~36 h逐步转向2012年的3~12 h,城市间可达性结构改变显著。     

Effects of a major municipal effluent on the St. Lawrence River: A case study

The St. Lawrence River (SLR) is the second largest waterway in North America. The discharge of the City of Montreal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) represents the largest volume of treated wastewaters being released into the river. It also ranks as the largest sewage treatment plant of its kind in North America. Over the last decade, intensive multidisciplinary research has focused on assessing the impacts of Montreal wastewater effluents on the SLR. We describe the major findings of these investigations, including the determination of the fate of contaminants, bioaccumulation in fish and invertebrates, ecotoxicological measurements of aquatic animal health, evaluation of endocrine disruption, parasitism in fish, and combined effects of multiple stressors on the SLR. Impacts of the effluents from the WWTP on aquatic organisms from the SLR are both toxicological and ecological, demonstrating the need for an integrated view of the impacts of municipal effluents on aquatic ecosystems.     

国外有害废物管理的动向与指南

简要介绍了德国、荷兰和美国等工业化国家的有害废物管理的新动向,以及由工业化国家在有害废物管理中取得的成功经验中,适用于发展中国家的有害废物的基本管理方法和可以作为借鉴的实用措施的指南性环境管理框架。     

长江口拦门沙及水下三角洲的动力沉积和演变

分析了长江河口拦门沙和水下三角洲及河口和邻近水域的水系和水团的特征，论述了河口混浊带羽状锋系的分布移动规律，并对河口拦门沙的物理，化学，生物及地质屏障效应作了评估。通过对泥沙分布，沉积率和沉积程序的研究，探明了河口拦门沙及水下三角洲的泥沙交换和演变。根据以上所述，探讨了长江河口深水航道的选址问题，为有关管理部门提供了科学的数据。     

大型老钢铁企业的环境保护

大型老钢铁企业由于历史原因，存在规划布局差，设备陈旧，工艺落后，治理欠帐多，污染严重的现实状况，在政府环保意识相对超前，对企业环保要求不断提高的情况下，企业应如何作好环何工作，作者认为把环境保护纳入企业发展规划，通过技术改造才是最有效的管理途径。     

平原河网地区非点源污染分析

在流域水环境中，非点源污染已成为首要污染源，其研究正成为业内人士关注的重要课题。文中分析了平源河网地区非点源污染研究的现状、进展和防治途径。     

原生动物生物指数在福州市内河水质评价中的运用

利用已建立的原生动物种类污染值SPV，结合化学指标计算原生动物群落污染值CPV，并与水质化学综合污染指数Pb的自然对数进行相关性分析。结果表明该指数也适用于城区内河水体．     

关于防止船舶垃圾对水域的污染

系统介绍了有关防止船舶垃圾污染的国际公约及其国内法律规定；并对加强船舶垃圾管理工作提出了几点建议。     

浅析居民区大气污染特征及防治对策

对居民区大气的主要污染物、烟尘、SO_2、TSP等分布情况进行了分析和预测。结果表明，随着城市建设的发展，能源消耗的增加，将使大气环境进一步恶化。只有以强化管理为手段，以规划目标为导向，着重以改善市区能源结构入手，是改变大气环境质量的根本措施。