平均综合污染指数在地面水污染分级中的应用

根据对污染物污染分担率，在确定地面水体主要污染物的基础上，计算相应水体不平均综合污染指数、对地面水污染程度进行分级。     

木材工业粉尘污染与防治对策探讨

从宿迁市木材工业粉尘污染控制现状存在的问题入手,分析了木材工业企业粉尘污染的原因,提出了控制粉尘污染的若干建议。保护环境是实现木材工业可持续发展的必然要求,必须从工艺、技术和装备方面控制生产过程中的粉尘,使作业环境和大气污染排放达到国家环境保护标准和法规的要求。     

The present condition of the Vistula river catchment area and its impact on the Baltic Sea coastal zone

This review paper describes the state of the Vistula basin and the Baltic Sea area. The article is divided into two parts concerning the river and the Baltic coastal zone, respectively. Each part describes the geography and the environmental state of the region and gives an overview of the socio-economic conditions. The environmental state of the study regions is described in terms of annual monitoring data for the main physico-chemical and biological parameters. The data cover the last decade. The socio-economic overview includes parameters such as e.g. population density, industrialization, agricultureand land use.SI: Pirrone     

中国省际水风险评价

选取中国31个省(市、自治区)为研究对象,建立了以行政区域为研究尺度的水风险评价指标体系。运用决策分析模型,通过层次分析法与熵值法确定满足主客观条件的综合权重,在此基础上构建模糊识别模型,对2000—2013年中国31个省(市、自治区)水风险水平进行了评估,并从时间和空间两个维度进行分析。结果表明:1)在研究期间,中国水风险水平不断下降,大部分地区从高值、中高值向中值及中低值靠拢;2)3个子系统中,胁迫性风险一直处于上升状态,中国水资源压力较大并有极大可能继续上升,在现有技术条件下,水风险形势严峻;敏感性风险在3个子系统中贡献较低,各地区抵抗风险能力逐步提高;适应性风险稳步下降,适应风险能力提高,但下降速度减缓,表明治理水问题的难度增大;3)各地区风险来源从单一性演变成复合型,风险来源不同且空间分布不均,治理中国水风险需针对各省(市、自治区)风险来源制定针对性政策。     

Chemical characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in southwest suburb of Beijing

PM_2.5 filter sampling and components measurement were conducted in autumn and winter from 2014 to 2015 at a suburban site (referred herein as “LLH site”) located in the southwest of Beijing. The offline aerosol mass spectrometry (offline-AMS) analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were applied for measurement and source apportionment of water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA). Organic aerosol (OA) always dominated PM_2.5 during the sampling period, especially in winter. WSOA pollution was serious during the polluted period both in autumn (31.1 µg/m³) and winter (31.9 µg/m³), while WSOA accounted for 54.4% of OA during the polluted period in autumn, much more than that (21.3%) in winter. The oxidation degree of WSOA at LLH site was at a high level (oxygen-to-carbon ratio, O/C=0.91) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributed more mass ratio of WSOA than primary organic aerosol (POA) during the whole observation period. In winter, coal combustion OA (CCOA) was a stable source of OA and on average accounted for 25.1% of WSOA. In autumn, biomass burning OA (BBOA) from household combustion contributed 38.3% of WSOA during polluted period. In addition to oxygenated OA (OOA), aqueous-oxygenated OA (aq-OOA) was identified as an important factor of SOA. During heavy pollution period, the mass proportion of aq-OOA to WSOA increased significantly, implying the significant SOA formation through aqueous-phase process. The result of this study highlights the concentration on controlling the residential coal and biomass burning, as well as the research needs on aqueous chemistry in OA formation.     

三峡水库蓄水运行初期(2003—2012年)水环境演变特征的“四大效应”

自2003年三峡水库首次蓄水至2012年工程竣工验收启动,针对三峡水库蓄水运行初期的水环境演变研究较多,但整体性、综合性科学认识仍然缺乏.基于水环境多要素跟踪观测研究,综合采用现场观测、室内试验、数理统计、模型模拟、同位素及保守离子示踪等技术手段,系统剖析了特大型、高变幅水位水库运行背景下水动力变异及其所伴生的水环境演变特征,从水动力、水质、水生态、污染物输移角度,提出了三峡水库水环境演变过程中的“四大效应”,主要包括干支流水动力特性的“分化”效应、上游-干流-支流水质演变“同步”效应、水动力变化对藻类水华暴发的“胁迫”效应、水动力变化对同等负荷条件下污染源危害的“迭加”效应等.考虑到大型水库生态系统的演替和稳定是一个长期过程,建议继续强化长江上游梯级水电开发影响下的三峡水库水环境演变跟踪调查研究,适时开展三峡工程对库区水环境影响的后评估.      

Atmospheric isoprene and monoterpenes in a typical urban area of Beijing: Pollution characterization, chemical reactivity and source identification

Continuous observation of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene was carried out in a typical urban area of Beijing from March 2014 to February 2015, using an AirmoV OC online analyzer. Based on the analysis of the ambient level and variation characteristics of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, the chemical reactivity was studied, and their sources were identified. Results showed that the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene in the urban area of Beijing were lower than those in richly vegetated areas; the concentrations of isoprene were at a moderate level compared with those of previous studies of Beijing. Concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene showed different seasonal, monthly, daily and diurnal variations, and all of the three species showed higher level at night than those in the daytime as a whole, the variations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene mainly influenced by emission of sources, photochemical reaction, and meteorological parameters. Isoprene was the largest contributor to the total OFP values than α-pinene and β-pinene. α-Pinene was the largest contributor to the total SOAFP values than isoprene and β-pinene in autumn, while isoprene was the largest one in other seasons. Isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene were derived mainly from biological sources; and α-pinene level were also affected by industrial sources. To reduce the concentrations of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene, it is necessary to scientifically select urban green plant species, and more strict control measures should be taken to reduce the emission of α-pinene from industrial sources, such as artificial flavors and resins synthesis processes.     

东北地区能源消费碳排放时空演变特征及其驱动机制

运用探索性空间分析、冷热点分析、标准差椭圆分析和地理加权回归分析等地学方法,研究了我国东北地区2005—2014年间能源消费碳排放的时空演化特征及其驱动机制.结果表明:①东北三省的能源消费碳排放量从高到低分别为辽宁省、黑龙江省、吉林省,2014年碳排放量分别达到20266、9914、6411万t;②东北三省能源消费碳排放量呈比较显著的全局空间正相关特征,在统计学上显著性检验存在多个冷、热点,其中,热点区主要集中在辽宁省的大连市、沈阳市、本溪市和辽阳市,吉林省的吉林市,以及黑龙江省的大庆市和鸡西市,冷点区主要集中在黑龙江省的大兴安岭市、黑河市、佳木斯市和伊春市;③在省级尺度上东北三省碳排放重心在2005—2014年间呈往东偏移的趋势,在市级尺度上辽宁省和吉林省碳排放重心往西偏移,而黑龙江省碳排放重心则往南偏移;④在省级尺度上,能源消费碳排放主轴方向为"西南-东北",但有往北旋转的趋势,黑龙江省能源消费碳排放主轴呈现往北旋转的趋势,辽宁省和吉林省的能源消费碳排放主轴方向则呈往东旋转的趋势;⑤东北地区影响能源消费碳排放量的主要驱动因素的影响程度排序为:人均GDP产业结构总人口数城市化率老龄化.     

长江流域干旱时空变化特征及演变趋势

干旱通常被认为是我国最严重的自然灾害之一,其造成的经济损失十分巨大.长江流域作为典型的湿润-半湿润区,干湿交替明显,干旱事件时空分布特征较为复杂.为了深入认识和理解长江流域气象干旱现状及其特征,探究干旱事件发生规律,采用长江流域1951-2015年PDSI（Palmer drought severity index,帕尔默干旱指数,运用Mann-Kendall检验、EEMD（ensemble empirical mode decomposition,集合经验模分解）、REOF（rotation empirical orthogonal function,旋转经验正交函数分解）、森斜率估算等分析方法,探讨长江流域干旱面积时间变化特征、干湿情景时空分布特征以及变化趋势.结果表明:1951-2015年,长江流域发生季节性干旱的面积整体呈扩大趋势,2000年后该趋势有所减缓.流域内呈现6个明显的干湿空间分布型,2000年后流域的东南部呈变旱态势,整体而言,流域内"南涝北旱"特征十分明显.未来,长江流域整体有变湿的趋势,西北部更旱,东北部变湿,南部以及东南部PDSI上升趋势明显,有发生旱涝急转的可能.      

核废料储罐近域环境中温湿度长期演变预测

为获得核废料储罐与周围环境界面的温湿度信息,以便模拟不同地质处置时期储罐表面的腐蚀环境,通过对一些典型核能利用国家在高放核废料安全处置研究中对储罐表面温度的长期演变计算进行调研,结合不同埋藏模式推测出适于我国的核废料储罐表面温度演变规律。同时根据国内外对核废料储库中缓冲/回填材料饱和度的变化情况推测我国核废料储罐表面环境中膨润土含水量的时间演变趋势。研究表明,储罐表面初始时温度快速升高,至温度峰值后逐渐下降,为安全起见,最高温应设计低于100℃。膨润土的饱和度受到核废料衰变释热及地下水入渗的双重影响,早期以核废料衰变主导,后来受地下水入渗影响显著。一般认为储罐表面膨润土在3年左右含水量明显增加,约10年左右达到饱和。温湿度长期演变预测将为我国核废料储罐表面腐蚀演变研究奠定基础。