奎河水资源化工程采用水质指标的再讨论

分析了奎河水质变清含义、不同含义对奎河水质的要求，讨论了实现不同含义奎河水变清方案及其可行性和可靠性。作者认为，奎河水变清和全河道水质达标是一个很高的污染治理目标，需要通过对奎河污染控制系统的不断研究改进，水质指标的逐步提高才能逐渐逼近这一目标。     

桃浦河底泥COD_(Cr)和NH_3-N的分布特征浅析

根据上海市桃浦河的河道形态和地貌特征,共设计和采集了15个柱样,在对其进行CODCr、NH3-N系统测定分析的基础上,得出以下结论:(1)桃浦河底泥已受到严重污染,CODCr、NH3-N的平均含量分别超过参照标准值(CODCr9699.6mg/kg,NH3-N78.79mg/kg)1.1～10倍和1～5_8倍,污染最严重的是真大路桥到沪嘉高速公路段;其次是环镇北路桥到陈太路存瑞桥段,云岭东路桥到中科化工厂桥段,杨柳青路桥到北石路桥段。(2)垂直分布呈现由下而上污染加重的趋势,表明现代污染日趋严重。(3)不同河段污染程度出现差异主要与其所处周围环境的排污有关。(4)基于桃浦河底泥污染程度的不同,在底泥疏浚时应予以区别对待。     

略论排污税的可行性

针对有关改排污费为排污税的建议，提出排污税应采取国家出售排污权的形式由环境保护行政主管部门负责征管，并从排污税的特点、税率的制定及其与现行环境法律制度的关系等方面，说明排污税的可行性。     

Effects of Warming Conditions in Eastern North American Forests on Red-Backed Salamander Morphology

Abstract:  Several studies have reported climate-associated changes in phenotypically plastic traits of amphibians, yet it remains unknown whether amphibians can manifest an evolutionary response to global climate change at the rate and magnitude that it is occurring. To assess this issue, we examined temporal change in the morphology of the red-backed salamander ( Plethodon cinereus ), a small, abundant woodland salamander distributed widely in eastern North America with two distinct morphotypes: striped individuals associated with cooler microclimates and unstriped individuals associated with warmer microclimates. We compiled morph frequencies for 50,960 individual salamanders from 558 sites as recorded in the published literature and in unpublished field notes of herpetologists between 1908 and 2004. We observed that striping probability increased with increasing latitude, longitude, and elevation and decreased (from 80% to 74% range wide) with time. The combined forces of regional climate warming and, particularly, forest disturbance have evidently been sufficient to cause morphological evolution in this amphibian over the last century.     

Evaluation of dilute hydrochloric acid and acid ammonium oxalate as extractants for some heavy metals from Nile River sediments

The suitability of a 0.5 M HCl solution for extraction of Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn from Nile River sediments was evaluated by comparing its effectiveness with that of conventional acid ammonium oxalate (Tamm's solution) and aqua regia extraction solutions. The present study has shown that although the extraction data indicate that both 0.5 M HCl and acid ammonium oxalate solutions are able to extract heavy metals simultaneously from the adsorbed, organic, and precipitated phases of Nile sediments, the 0.5 M HCl solution is preferred. It provides a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive method of measuring environmentally mobile metal concentrations in the aquatic sediments. From an analytical chemistry point of view, the 0.5 M HCl extracts do not clog the atomizer of the spectrophotometer. Extraction with dilute HCl solution obviates the need to use chemicals, some of which are toxic or not available readily as a high-purity grade. A standard extraction method should be relatively simple, to conduct a routine analysis of large numbers of sediment samples, yet at the same time it should provide sufficient information for assessment of the environmental impact of particulate metals. Therefore, extraction with 0.5 M HCl solution is very suitable for heavy-metal pollution monitoring in the Nile River     

Female and male serins (Serinus serinus) respond differently to derived song traits

We tested if male or female behavior towards manipulated song indicates intra- or inter-sexual selection of two characteristics of serin song that are extreme and evolutionarily derived in this species: high frequency and fast syllable rate. In a first experiment, we monitored vocal responses and attendance to song playbacks. Female behavior indicated a preference for high-frequency song and suggested an aggressive function for fast syllable rates, as fast songs inhibited vocal response. Males did not show discrimination of frequency or syllable rate with this experimental design. The second experiment used a simple approach/no approach design, and in this experiment, males showed stronger discrimination between stimuli than did females. Therefore, sex differences in discrimination appear not to result from differences in perceptual abilities but from differences in the context of stimulus presentation. The second experiment also supported a role of song frequency in female choice, as the effect of frequency was limited to females: males did not respond differently to song frequency and approached high-frequency songs less than females did. Results of this experiment also supported an aggressive function for fast syllable rates, as the effect of fast songs did extend to male behavior. Taken together, our results indicate that the high frequency and fast syllable rate of serin song cannot result from a single selection process: while high frequency may have evolved by inter-sexual selection, syllable rate provokes a pattern of response that is more consistent with intra-sexual selection.     

废旧电器拆解区河流沉积物中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染特征与生态风险

在流经某废旧电器拆解区域的河段中采集沉积物样品,研究了该区域河流中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染特征和生态风险.结果表明,在所有沉积物样品中PBDEs含量在101~20400 ng·g-1之间,平均浓度为3700 ng·g-1,其中主要单体为BDE209,在23个样品中的平均比例达到94%以上;在河流中分布呈现出上游和下游低,中游高,而下游平均浓度比上游高的趋势,在拆解园区附近浓度达到最高;与其它地区相比,该地区PBDEs污染相对较为严重;废旧电器的拆解是该区域沉积物中PBDEs污染主要来源.经测算,当地近40年的拆解活动中共向该河流中排放了多溴联苯醚0.39 t,其中BDE209为0.36 t;采用危害商数法对沉积物中PBDEs进行了初步的生态风险评估,结果表明,该河流沉积物中OctaBDEs和DecaBDEs生态风险较低,而PentaBDEs则风险较高,可能对环境造成危害.     

贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地沉积物的微量元素特征及环境意义

根据贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地沉积物的剖面特征及微量元素特征的分析,探讨了该地区沉积环境的演化。对沉积剖面73个样品的分析结果表明,该区∑REE含量较高,稀土的配分模式为轻稀土元素明显富集、重稀土元素亏损的"右倾型",δEu负异常明显,样品的轻重稀土的分馏程度高。δCe反映了研究区沉积期的氧化还原状态,在HD、G1、N1、G5、N5、G6、N6表现为正异常或无异常,沉积时处于强氧化状态;其他层表现为负异常或无异常,表征沉积期的还原环境。微量元素含量变化特征、∑REE含量以及δCe值都说明了研究区古气候的干冷-温湿的旋回演化特征,自下而上可分为3个阶段,研究区经历2个明显的干冷-温湿大循环和3个干冷-温湿交替的小循环。     

苏北盆地里下河地区30~15 cal ka BP期间地球化学元素变化特征及古气候意义

应用因子分析法对苏北盆地里下河地区SG剖面中的地化元素和氧化物进行分析,提取出相关古气候信息,重建了苏北盆地里下河地区30~15cal ka BP期间的古气候环境演化序列:30.3~26.0cal ka BP为相对暖湿期;26.0~17.8cal ka BP较为显著的冷干期;17.8~15.0cal ka BP以升温为主,冷暖波动剧烈,整体相对暖湿期;另外,在这些大的气候演变背景条件下,也存在着多次明显的气候波动事件。这一研究结果不仅与国内大量的研究资料相一致,而且与深海氧同位素和北半球太阳辐射等曲线也有着很好的对应,表明苏北地区的气候变化具有全球性特征。     

我国环境污染事故源解析研究

收集了2000²010年我国环境污染事故统计数据,并从污染事故的风险致灾因子、引发原因和主要涉及行业3个角度,对11年间的1065起污染事故案例展开深度剖析。结果表明:20002010年我国环境污染事故统计数据,并从污染事故的风险致灾因子、引发原因和主要涉及行业3个角度,对11年间的1065起污染事故案例展开深度剖析。结果表明:2000²010年间我国环境污染事故的主要风险致灾因子是工业废水,其造成的污染事故占事故总数的比例高达43%,应成为环境风险管理关注重点;人为因素引起的环境污染事故占事故总数的87.98%,是引发环境污染事故的主要原因;污染事故主要涉及的行业包括采矿业、制造业、电力燃气水的生产和供应业、交通运输业及废物治理业,其中,化学原料及化学品制造业发生的环境污染事故累计次数较高,达82起。因此企业需积极提高自身,同时相关部门需加强对重点行业、主要风险因子的监督审查力度。