农副产品加工园区水污染控制管理体系研究——以沈阳辉山农副产品加工园区为例

农副产品加工园区产生排放的废水对沈阳市蒲河全流域水环境造成污染,严重影响园区的持续发展。利用管理手段完成园区污染物总量减排目标是保证园区可持续发展的关键。农副产品加工园区管理体系主要由管理部门、企业、综合污水处理厂及社会公众构成,各构成要素间存在监督、监管及市场等关系。为实现园区水污染控制体系目标,各构成要素应充分发挥其功能。     

Hands-on assistance improves already successful pollution prevention services of the toxics use reduction institute’s laboratory

In an attempt to improve the adoption rate of the work conducted at the Toxics Use Reduction Institute Lab, a more comprehensive on-site follow-up assistance program was implemented in 2006. The effort was piloted for trichloroethylene replacement in Rhode Island in conjunction with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 1.Through hands-on workshops and on-site assistance efforts, the TURI Lab project was able to achieve an 82% reduction in TCE in a two year period. This new methodology for on-site assistance follow-up to the preexisting TURI Lab testing program has been incorporated into the work the Lab conducts for companies in Massachusetts. The Lab had an implementation rate of around 30% without on-site assistance. During the first year of the new process, the adoption rate has jumped to 80% of all companies working with the lab.     

Limited acid deposition inferred from diatoms during the 20th century — A case study from lakes in the Tatra Mountains

Mountain lakes are usually sensitive to the effects of global and regional environmental changes. Since the second half of the 20th century, surface-water acidification has become a significant ecological problem, and many lakes in Europe and North America have anthropogenically acidified. Additionally, following reduction in emissions of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds, recovery from acidification has been observed in many lakes. In this study, we used changes in diatom communities to reconstruct the pH histories based on changes recorded in nine Tatra lakes (Western Carpathians, Poland) since approximately 1850 AD. Overall, results indicate that acidic precipitation had little influence on lake-water pH in the Tatra Mountain lakes. Changes in diatom-inferred pH (DI-pH) generally were small and showed little evidence of acidification during the time of the highest air pollution (since the 1960s), and have shown little change since the reduction of acidic deposition since the 1990s. Lakes that showed some evidence of acidification included dystrophic lakes with low acid neutralizing capacity. However, as illustrated by the PCA trajectories of the diatom assemblages, the majority of the lakes currently contain diatom assemblages that are unlike the diatom floras that existed ca. 1850.     

Application of the comet assay and detection of DNA damage in haemocytes of medicinal leech affected by aluminium pollution: A case study

This report describes an investigation of genotoxic effects in medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) exposed to water and sediment of Lake Njivice (Krk Island, Croatia) contaminated by aluminium compounds. The levels of primary DNA damage in leech haemocytes and loss of DNA integrity caused by acute and chronic exposure to contaminated water and sediment were investigated using the alkaline comet assay. Genotoxic effects induced by acute exposure to contaminants were evaluated on leech haemocytes and blood cells of fish and mouse treated ex vivo. The effects of chronic exposure were assessed on haemocytes sampled from an animal kept under laboratory conditions on contaminated water and sediment for 180 days. The results indicate the DNA damaging potential of aluminium compounds present in an excess amount in tested samples.     

The UN/ECE International Programme on Mapping Critical Loads and Levels

Critical Loads and levels have played a centralrole in the successful development of effect-based emissionreduction strategies for Europe in the fields of acidification,eutrophication and ground-level ozone. The aim of theInternational Programme on Mapping Critical Loads and Levelsled by Germany, with participation of 24 countries, is todetermine critical loads and levels for forest, crops, naturalvegetation, soils, water and materials. The exceedances ofcritical loads and critical levels are used to quantify the riskfor environmental damage by air pollution and tosupport the development of optimised abatement strategies.     

Groundwater protection in mixed land-use aquifers

Compared with groundwater pollution episodes of a point-source nature, nonpoint-source contamination makes for particularly difficult policy design. This is especially true in the context of a mixed land-use aquifer, where the same pollutant may derive from various human land-use activities and in different concentrations. To data, the emprirical literature attempting to estimate the relative loadings of pollutants from alternative land uses is rather sparse. Yet this information is vital to a variety of numerical computer models used to predict likelihood of groundwater contamination, and the statistical results are useful in their own right for regional policy formation. Regression analysis is applied to estimate loadings of nitrate and sodium from various land uses. The model is then used to illustrate how well-intended local groundwater protection policies that fail to recognize land-use substitution and cross-pollutant effects may be misdirected.     

Seasonal influences on inorganic anion monitoring of the New Calabar River,Nigeria

The inorganic anion pollution of the New Calabar River surface water was investigated. Results showed seasonal variations in the inorganic anion levels. Water parameters such as sulfite, nitrate, phosphate, and alkalinity showed significantly higher values in the rainy season than in the dry season. Dissolved oxygen, pH, sulfide, sulfate, ammonia, and nitrite showed no significant differences between their rainy and dry season levels. Upstream-downstream changes were shown by conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride, salinity, and temperature. Exceptions occurred in the nitrite levels, where the effect was minimal. Although the concentrations of some anions analyzed fell within internationally acceptable limits, the New Calabar River water is, in the main, polluted with inorganic anions and may be unacceptable for potable and industrial uses without treatment.     

河流汛期污染与源解析

对河流汛期污染的特点、产生原因与产生条件进行深入分析并进行产生源定量解析。结果表明汛期污染引起河流断面增加的COD通量枯水年份约占全年COD通量的55％－68％，丰水年可达91％－96％。在汛期COD增加量中，河流本底淮干1^#断面约占64％，洪河2^#和沙颍河3^#断面约占25％－38％；三断面水土流失引起增加量约占29％－41％，其他因素增加量淮干为6％，另两断面为26％－41％。     

甲醇装置污染源现状分析及控制对策

对甲醇装置“三废”及噪声污染源现状进行调查和分析，提出并采取了相应的控制对策。对目前存在的环保问题，提出了改进措施。     

癌症及其发生的水土环境

本文从环境学角度分析了癌症高发区的水土环境。表明癌症高发区除水土严重污染,许多常量成份出现异常外,一些微量元素还明显缺少或严重超量。