中式餐饮业油烟中非甲烷碳氢化合物排放特征研究

使用挥发性有机物采样标准方法TO-14/15,选择了北京市5家不同菜系、不同营业规模的餐馆,在其营业时段,连续采集油烟中非甲烷碳氢（NMHCs）样品,使用气相色谱质谱联用仪（GC/MS）进行样品分析.研究了4大类72种NMHCs排放浓度和组分组成特点.不同采样餐馆的NMHCs排放浓度存在差异,与菜系类型、规模、上座率、...     

典型电器工业区河涌沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、来源和潜在生态风险

为综合评估电器加工制造业对纳污水体多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染影响,对广东典型电器工业区佛山市顺德区容桂街道河涌沉积物的PAHs含量进行了空间和垂直分布、来源以及生态风险评估研究.结果表明,16种优先控制PAHs中有12种检出率达100%,其余4种具有不同的检出率.ΣPAHs含量范围为343.5～2 099μg.kg-1,均值为1 215.9μg.kg-1.PAHs组成特点为2～3环〉4环〉5～6环.在0～40 cm垂直尺度内,4个分层层面的ΣPAHs含量和种类均无显著变化.同分异构体比率分析显示,空间尺度上PAHs主要污染源来自石油、生物质以及木柴燃烧等活动.垂直尺度上燃烧类型反映了从生物质向石油燃烧为主的转变.河涌沉积物总量污染指标和污染因子指标显示了相同的重度污染特征,各监测断面污染程度由高到低为：S7〉S2〉S4〉S3〉S6〉S1〉S5.沉积物质量基准法（SQGs）评价显示S7、S2、S3等位点具有潜在的生态风险.包含居民区和制造业集中区的各监测点ΣPAHs含量分布显示,该地区PAHs污染和电器制造业存在没有直接相关性.     

渤海湾潮间带表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量分布和生态风险

在渤海湾天津段潮间带及邻近区域的主要入海河流和近海采集86个表层沉积物样品,通过GC/MS对16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量进行分析,结果表明:潮间带44个样品的PAHs平均含量为(140.0±84.1)ng/g,与近海样品的PAHs含量[(161.6±38.7)ng/g, n=26]相当,但远低于河流样品的PAHs含量[(452.7±206.0)ng/g, n=13];潮间带样品的PAHs含量呈现“北区高南区低”(以天津港码头为界)的空间分布特征,与该区域沉积物粒度及黑碳和总有机碳的含量呈现显著的相关性;从PAHs的组成上可以显示潮间带沉积环境具有一定的特殊性;潮间带样品PAHs的BaP毒性当量含量平均为(24.5±21.1)ng/g;根据加拿大魁北克省海洋沉积物中PAHs的质量评估标准,渤海湾表层沉积物中PAHs的污染具有一定的生态风险.     

河北与京津地区非采暖期大气中的PAHs污染特征

对河北与京津地区42个样点非采暖期大气中多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)的研究表明,该区域大气中的PAHs浓度水平较高.2～3环PAHs主要分布在气相当中,颗粒相(大气可吸入颗粒物,PM10)中PAHs以4～6环为主.PAHs的高浓度样点在石家庄、唐山和邯郸地区分布最为集中.县城样点与城市样点的PM10和PAHs污染水平相近.临近区域广泛存在的大气污染很可能对北京市的大气环境造成影响.     

河北曹妃甸近海沉积物中多环芳烃的含量、分布、来源及生态风险评价

2010年9月在河北曹妃甸近海采集表层沉积物样品,用气相色谱质谱仪(GC/MS)测定分析16种US EPA(美国国家环境保护署)优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs).结果表明,曹妃甸近海9个站位沉积物中的PAHs质量比为267.2～ 858.2 ng/g,平均值为376.5 ng/g,其高值区位于原油码头东部.与国内外其他区域沉积物中的PAHs质量比进行对比发现,曹妃甸近海沉积物中PAHs的质量比总体处于中等水平.本次调查检出的PAHs种类较多,主要同系物为菲(Phe)、芴(Fl)和荧蒽(Flu).与国内研究的渤海湾近岸表层沉积物PAHs质量比进行对比发现,曹妃甸近海表层沉积物中萘、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘等组分质量比要高出很多,这与曹妃甸石油化工与机械制造等发展迅速密切相关.异构体比值法分析表明,该区表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源于生物质、煤及燃料燃烧.根据效应区间值进行生态风险评价,结果表明,曹妃甸沉积物对周围生物的影响较小.与国内一些典型区域的生态风险研究进行对比分析发现,各研究区域均存在芴超过影响范围低值(Effects Range Low,ERL)的站位.潜在影响等级(Probable Effects Level,PEL)分析表明,同系物中的芴也存在超过相应标准值的站位,应引起海洋环保部门的重视.     

Combined effect of nonionic surfactant Tween 80 and DOM on the behaviors of PAHs in soil--water system

Batch experiments were performed to examine the desorption behavior of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil–water system in the presence of nonionic surfactant Tween 80 and dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from pig manure or pig manure compost. Addition of 150 mg l⁻¹ Tween 80 desorbed 5.8% and 2.1% of phenanthrene and pyrene from soil into aqueous phase, respectively, while the addition of both Tween 80 and DOM derived from pig manure compost and pig manure could further enhance the desorption of phenanthrene to 15.8% and 16.2%, respectively, and 6.4% and 10.9%, respectively, for pyrene. In addition, our finding also suggested that subsequent addition of Tween 80 into the soil–water system could further enhance PAHs desorption. The enhancement effect of the co-existence of Tween 80 and DOM was more than the additive effect of the Tween 80 and DOM individually. It is likely that the formation of DOM–surfactant complex in the soil–water system may be a possible reason to explain such desorption enhancement phenomenon. Therefore, it is anticipated that the coexistence of both Tween 80 and DOM derived from pig manure or pig manure compost in soil environment will enhance the bioavailability of PAHs as well as other hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) by enhancing the desorption during remediation process.     

Pilot study on road traffic emissions (PAHs,heavy metals) measured by using mosses in a tunnel experiment in Vienna,Austria

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Over the last few years there has been extensive research for new indicators providing information about deposition resulting from road traffic and tunnel experiments received special attention in emission research. Mosses have been used for the estimation of atmospheric heavy metal and PAH depositions for more than three decades, although they were used only a few times for estimating ambient air pollution caused by traffic. In the current study, the suitability of using a moss species for monitoring road traffic emissions inside a tunnel was evaluated. This was a first-time ever attempt to use plants (mosses) as bioindicators in a tunnel experiment. Specifically, two relevant questions were examined: 1) Do mosses accumulate toxic substances derived from road traffic emissions under the extremely adverse conditions which can be found in a tunnel, and 2) Which substances can mainly be attributed to road traffic emissions and therefore be taken as efficient and reliable indicators for motor vehicles? METHODS: For the first time a biomonitor (the moss species Hylocomium splendens (Hedwig) B.S.G.) was used in a road tunnel experiment to analyse emissions from road traffic. Moss samples were exposed for four weeks in wooden frames (size 10 cm x 10 cm), covered by a thin plastic net with a mesh size of 1 cm x 1 cm. 17 elements, mainly heavy metals, and the 16 EPA-PAHs together with coronene were analysed by ICP-AES, AAS and GC-MSD. RESULTS: Enrichment factors, calculated by comparing post-experiment concentrations to those of a background site, were high for most PAHs, especially benzo(g,h,i)perylene (150.7), coronene (134.7), benzo(a)anthracene (125.0), indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (79.8), chrysene (78.1), pyrene (69.6) and benzo(b)-fluoranthene (67.4), and among the other elements for Sb (73.1), Mo (59.6), Cr (33.9), As (24.1), Cu (19.6), and Zn (17.1). All these substances can thus be taken as indicators for road traffic pollution. Concentrations were also significantly higher in the tunnel mosses for all investigated substances than along busy roads outside tunnels. Cluster analysis revealed groups of substances which could sensibly be attributed to various sources (abrasion processes, Diesel combustion) and enrichment in the various particle size classes. DISCUSSION: The extreme high concentrations in the analysed moss samples from inside the tunnel were due to higher concentrations in the ambient tunnel air, and the fact that already deposited chemical substances are not lost by rain, as well as efficient uptake capacities even under the extremely adverse conditions in a tunnel. In accordance with previous studies our results suggest that PAHs are better indicators for emissions from the burning process than heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: As in open fields, mosses are suitable indicators for monitoring traffic emissions in tunnels. In addition to biomonitoring in open fields, in tunnel experiments mosses are even better indicators, because the confounding effects of other sources of pollution and the 'noise' in the accumulation process (e.g. washout through wet deposition) are minimised. The results of our study demonstrate the usefulness of mosses for surveying heavy metals and PAH emissions and deposition arising from road traffic sources, even under the extremely adverse conditions of the tunnel environment. RECOMMENDATION: It can be considered that biomonitors like mosses are a suitable alternative to technical particle filters inside tunnels. They are easy to handle, low in costs and valuable information regarding traffic emissions can be obtained. PERSPECTIVE: The results of this pilot-study proved the feasibility of the method, however, should be corroborated by further investigations based on a sample set that allows for generalization of the findings and might even include other moss species. A comparison of technical measurements with the biomonitoring method could lead to a more general acceptance of the results.     

多环芳烃降解菌的获得及应用

运用双相(水-硅油)系统可进行有机物降解菌的筛选．本实验用此法获得了多环芳烃(PAHs)的降解菌，降解菌对PAHs有较好的降解作用．堆肥法处理PAHs中接入筛选到的降解菌可以大大加强降解效果．堆肥过程中堆温升高很快，对一些PAHs如荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘等可以彻底清除，对更多环的PAHs也可降到很低的浓度．图1表3参4     

多环芳烃的分子表面积与双区理论

本文提出了一种利用基团贡献法原理计算分子表面积(TSA)的新方法,应用该方法计算了多环芳烃(PAHs)的TSA,并以双区理论为基础,研究PAHs的分子表面积与致癌活性的关系,将TSA参数引入双区理论方程,通过本文提出的理论方程对PAHs的致癌活性进行了计算,所得结果与实验值吻合得很好,对双区理论进行了分子表面积的补充。     

汕头经济特区土壤中优控多环芳烃的分布

运用气相色谱-质谱方法对汕头经济特区131个土样中的美国EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定性、定量测定,讨论了PAHs的分布特征。结果表明,该区表层土壤中优控PAHs的总质量分数范围从22.1 ng/g到1256.9 ng/g之间,平均质量分数为(317.3210.2) ng/g。其分布随采样点的位置不同而有显著变化:工业区附近多环芳烃的质量分数最高,城市中心次之,郊区最低。大多数样点中?PAHs质量分数和单种PAH质量分数都呈现w(5~20 cm)> w(0~5 cm)>w(20~40 cm)>w(40~100 cm)的垂直分布规律。该区土壤PAHs以3环和4环化合物为主,单种PAH以萘、菲和苯并[b]萤蒽为主。