基于土壤中多环芳烃解吸特性的生物修复效果评价

采用XAD-2树脂辅助解吸方法测试了生物堆修复前后土壤中荧蒽、苯并(a)蒽、苯并(a)芘、苯并苝这4种PAHs的解吸特性,并根据解吸结果进行了生物修复效果评价.结果表明,土壤中这4种PAHs的累计解吸量随解吸时间延长而增加,但解吸速率逐渐降低,符合"两阶段"解吸模型,生物修复前土壤中不同种类PAHs"快解吸"量占PAHs总量的32%～70%,修复后土壤中不同种类PAHs"快解吸"量占PAHs总量的14%～39%.经过6个月的生物修复,基于生物可利用含量变化的荧蒽、苯并(a)蒽、苯并(a)芘、苯并苝修复效率依次为82.9%、79.7%、64.9%、54.3%,,明显高于基于PAHs总含量的生物修复效率61.0%、51.7%、37.2%、38.7%.     

上海市崇明岛农田土壤中多环芳烃分布和生态风险评价

为研究崇明岛农田土壤中PAHs浓度分布和生态风险,于2008年采集崇明岛农田表层土壤33个.使用加速溶剂萃取仪（ASE300）进行萃取,经净化后,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）测定.结果表明,在采集的土壤样品中,PAHs的含量范围为24.92～1 014.61 ng·g-1（干重）,均值为192.83 ng·g-1（干重）.16种美国EPA优控的多环芳烃,只有茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘（IcdP）和二苯并（a,h）蒽（DahA）未全部检出.PAHs主要以2～4环为主,其中2环和3环多环芳烃所占比例为42.6%;4环多环芳烃的比例为42.2%;5～6环多环芳烃的比例为15.7%.使用浓度比值法判定,主要来源为石油源以及煤和木材的燃烧;崇明岛生活燃烧和汽车等尾气排放可能是农田土壤中PAHs的重要来源之一.生态效应区间法评价显示,崇明岛农田土壤中PAHs生态风险较小.     

Changes in the cuticular hydrocarbons of incipient reproductives correlate with triggering of worker policing in the bulldog ant Myrmecia gulosa

In social insects, conflicts over male parentage can be resolved by worker policing. However, the evolution of policing behavior is constrained by the ability of individuals to identify reproductive nestmates, or their eggs. We investigated the occurrence of worker policing and its underlying chemical communication in the bulldog ant Myrmecia gulosa. Although workers have functional ovaries and can lay male-destined eggs, they do not reproduce in queenright colonies. To determine if their sterility is a consequence of worker policing, we experimentally induced worker reproduction in the presence of a queen. Some individuals were seized and immobilized by nestmates, and sometimes killed as a consequence. Although the ovarian development of immobilized individuals was variable, their cuticular hydrocarbon profiles were intermediate between reproductive and nonreproductive workers, indicating they were in the process of starting to reproduce. Approximately 29% of these incipient reproductive workers were successfully policed. To test for policing on eggs, we transferred viable worker eggs to queenright colonies and monitored their acceptance. Furthermore, we compared the surface hydrocarbons of the different types of eggs to determine whether these chemicals could be involved in egg recognition. We found that although there were differences in hydrocarbon profiles and discrimination between queen and worker-laid eggs, viable eggs were not destroyed. Our results strongly support the idea that cuticular hydrocarbons are involved in the policing of reproductive workers. A low level of worker policing appears sufficient to select for self-restraint in workers when few fitness benefits are gained by selfish reproduction. Policing of eggs may thus be unnecessary.     

神经网络法预测分子总表面积的研究

本文用误差反向传播人工神经网络（ＡＮＮ）预测有机分子的总表面积，提出一组分子描述码（描述分子的分支性、不饱和性和成环性）作为输入的特征参数，预测结果：对于烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、脂环烃、芳烃、卤代烃、醇、醛、酮、酸、酯、胺、硫醇、杂环等１４类有机物平均误差为２．５８％，对于多环芬烃平均误差为２．８８％。根据ＡＮＮ法提供的信息，用统计分析的方法，得到分子总表面积与分子描述码之间的关联式，用它估算分子总表面     

The application of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) to the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

There are many established extraction techniques regularly used in the isolation and analysis of PAHs and similar organic compounds from various phases. These include Soxhlet or ultrasonic extractions from solids, and liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction from aqueous samples. However, these methods have some inherent disadvantages; most require large volumes of organic solvents, they can be time consuming and many involve multi-step processes that always present the risk of the loss of some analytes (Zhang et al., 1994). Solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) is a relatively new technique that has been used with much success in the analysis of a variety of compounds including PAHs. Experiments are being carried out to determine the optimum range of conditions for the extraction of a range of PAHs. Parameters under investigation include temperature, equilibration time, salinity and compound concentration. Presented here are some preliminary experiments into the applicability of SPME for PAH analysis. Further work will investigate the reproducibility of the technique, limits of detection and matrix effects. When an optimised method has been developed the technique will be used in investigations into PAH profiles in sediment cores.     

利用人工神经网络研究含硫芳香族化合物结构与毒性的关系

本文采用简单的化学基团描述符，运用人工神经网络研究了含硫芳香族化合物对发光菌的性构效关系，并与多元线性回归相比较，结果显示了人工神经网络处理非线性问题的优越性。     

Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活力与取代芳烃分子结构的相关性

本文应用环境毒理学和生物化学原理,检测了38种取代芳烃类化合物对水生生物金鱼(Carassias auratus)肝细胞内Na~+-K~+-ATP三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)活力的影响,给出了Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活力(A)值与取代芳烃分子结构的相关性方程.     

细菌Rieske型非血红素铁加氧酶研究进展

细菌Rieske型非血红素铁加氧酶是催化芳香化合物好氧降解第一步反应的酶,能够激发好氧环境下大量芳香或取代芳香化合物的生物降解,同时还可作为有机化合物的合成子.这是一类新型且丰富的酶资源,在受污环境的生物修复方面有着巨大的潜力,并且符合“绿色化学”的要求.本文综述了该类酶的分类、晶体结构、作用机理及其基因改造等最新研究进展. 图4表1参17     

水环境多环芳烃源解析研究进展

城市化和工业化给环境带来的潜在危害引起人们对环境质量的重视。污染物来源解析研究的成果为环境管理提供了有效的工具。在查阅大量文献的基础上,综述了应用于水环境尤其是沉积物中多环芳烃源解析的主要理论方法和应用模型,并初步提出了沉积物中多环芳烃源解析方法。     

部分硝基芳烃对鲤鱼的急性毒性及定量构效关系

本文报告了２６个硝基芳烃大对鲤鱼的急性毒性，应用ＬＳＥＲ法得出了相关关系显著的ＱＳＡＲ方程。化合物分子的本征体积是毒性的主要影响因素。硝基芳烃的毒性随着分子本征体积，αｍ和Ｉ值的增大而增大，随着βｍ值的增大而减小。