More aid, better institutions, or both?

It has been nearly 20 years since a working definition for “sustainable development” was put forward by the World Commission on Environment and Development. The concept endures in the mission statements and frameworks of action of various societal actors, including those of neighborhood associations, metropolitan development authorities, environmental ministries, and United Nations (UN) specialized organizations, to name a few. Yet many observers doubt that sustainable development is occurring in poor countries. This failure, the critics contend, stems from miserly transfers of foreign aid. The extent to which inadequate aid is to blame for poor environmental/developmental outcomes is an open question. But vocal demands for increasing aid to meet sustainable development goals come from many parts of society and are persistent. Exhortations for more aid to help poor countries are noble, perhaps even justifiable, but there are understandable doubts about the wisdom of transferring large capital and technical resources to countries that are slow to adopt needed institutional reforms. Aid without institutional reform is a recipe for wasted resources and donor fatigue. Worse, it may enhance inequities of wealth and power in recipient countries. There are few illustrations to draw on demonstrating how institutionally impoverished societies are affected when they are compelled to absorb massive aid inputs over a short period––a remedy suggested by some prominent aid experts. As a proxy, it is valuable to examine instances where swift macroeconomic changes, spurred by external investment and export-led growth, has occurred without significant institutional development. The case of Equatorial Guinea and its sudden oil riches is examined to discern whether, in the absence of meaningful institutional reform, rapid and profound increases in foreign direct investment and export income enable poverty alleviation and sustainable development.

大气污染对呼吸系统疾病的影响——以河南省A市为例

文章将二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)等主要污染物的监测浓度值与呼吸系统疾病(支气管炎、肺炎、哮喘)住院人数进行相关性分析,以探讨A市大气污染对呼吸系统疾病的影响。研究结果表明,二氧化氮(NO2)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)对支气管炎住院人数有显著影响,可吸入颗粒物(PM10)还与哮喘住院人数有密切的关系,因此A市大气污染可能与呼吸系统疾病的环境病因有关。     

利用深层地下水防治大骨节病分析

大骨节病是一种骨关节变形地方性慢性病。该病病因复杂,以生物地球化学和地球化学生态学理论为指导,在研究区进行水文地质环境调查,并对饮水水样分析对比,发现病区饮水水源低矿化度、高腐殖酸是大骨节病患病的重要因素,据此在病区开展改水工程,探讨利用深层地下水改善病区饮水水质和提高居民生活水平的有效性,为大骨节病致病水源假说提供相关的理论依据,同时为病区综合防治大骨节病提供相关经验。     

Characterization of dissolved organic carbon and Humic substances in the well water of the Blackfoot disease area in Taiwan

Since the early 1960s, many investigators have reported that blackfoot disease, a peripheral vascular disease, observed in southwestern Taiwan is due to drinking the higher arsenic concentration in well water. However, recent studies indicated that the relationship with blackfoot disease is not only with arsenic but also humic substances. This paper presents some results concerning the characterization (such as fluorescence, elemental composition, molecular weight and carbon distribution) of humic substances isolated from the Fuhsing well water of the blackfoot disease area. For comparison, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humic substances in the normal well water from Chiuying and the Nanwan coastal water were also analyzed. In general, in the well water of the blackfoot disease area, extremely high concentrations of DOC (18.5mg/L) and fulvic acid (7.54mg/L) with high fluorescence intensity (59.1, equivalent to 0.0282uM quinine sulfate solution) and high percentages (over 50%) of low molecular weights of less than 1,000 were obtained compared with those of normal waters. C‐13 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a high content (37.2%) of aromatic carbon. These higher concentrations of DOC and fulvic acid with the higher content of aromatic carbon in well water might be one of the key factors causing the blackfoot disease in Taiwan.     

大骨节病区硒元素分布的调控机理研究——以四川省阿坝地区为例

分析了阿坝地区的岩石、饮用水、农作物及其根系土中硒的不同存在形态的分布,并结合生物有效性深入研究了硒元素分布与大骨节病病因的联系和调控机理.阿坝地区的环境(岩石、土壤、水)中全硒浓度、农作物中硒的富集系数和水溶性硒占总硒的含量均远低于非病区;硒在氧化还原条件(Eh平均值143.27 mV)和酸碱度(pH 6.51—8.48)的控制下主要以亚硒酸态的稳定形式存在.元素铝、铁等的富集可能会促进硒的沉淀和络合,制约硒的生物有效利用率,进而导致人体硒摄入不足,最终激发人类微小病毒B19(HPV B19)的毒性,引发大骨节病.通过采取土壤增施硒肥、改善水质、改变膳食结构等方法可以有效地提高环境中硒的水平及其生物有效性,以缓解大骨节病的病情及发病率.     

论我国职业病诊断鉴定制度的缺陷及完善——兼评《职业病防治法修正案（草案）》的相关规定

我国现行职业病诊断鉴定法律制度存在较大缺陷,使得受害劳动者维权乏力,笔者在分析探讨职业病诊断鉴定制度所存相关问题的基础上,有针对性地提出改革完善的相应建议,同时对新出台的《职业病防治法修正案（草案）》的有关修订内容做出评议。     

Varying responses of northeastern North American amphibians to the chytrid pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is widespread among amphibians in northeastern North America. It is unknown, however, whether Bd has the potential to cause extensive amphibian mortalities in northeastern North America as have occurred elsewhere. In the laboratory, we exposed seven common northeastern North American amphibian species to Bd to assess the likelihood of population-level effects from the disease. We exposed larval wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) and postmetamorphic frogs of six other species to two different strains of Bd, a northeastern strain (JEL404) and a strain that caused die-offs of amphibians in Panama (JEL423), under ideal in vitro growth conditions for Bd. Exposed American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) all died; thus, this species may be the most likely to die from Bd-caused disease in the wild. Both Bd strains were associated with mortalities of wood frogs, although half the metamorphs survived. The Bd strain from Panama killed metamorphic green frogs (L. clamitans), whereas the northeastern strain did not, which means novel strains of Bd may lead to death even when local strains may not. No mortality was observed in four species (bullfrogs [L. catesbeianus], northern leopard frogs [L. pipiens], spring peepers [Pseudacris crucifer], and blue-spotted salamanders [Ambystoma laterale]) and in some individuals of green frogs and wood frogs that we exposed. This finding suggests these six species may be Bd vectors. Our results show that systematic exposures of amphibian species to Bd in the laboratory may be a good first step in the identification of species susceptible to Bd-caused declines and in directing regional conservation efforts aimed at susceptible species.     

Spatially mixed crops to control the stratified dispersal of airborne fungal diseases

Intraspecific crop diversification is thought to be a possible solution to the disease susceptibility of monocultured crops. We modelled the stratified dispersal of an airborne pathogen population in order to identify the spatial patterns of cultivar mixtures that could slow epidemic spread driven by dual dispersal mechanisms acting over both short and long distances. We developed a model to simulate the propagation of a fungal disease in a 2D field, including a reaction-diffusion model for short-distance disease dispersal, and a stochastic model for long-distance dispersal. The model was fitted to data for the spatio-temporal spread of faba bean rust (caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae) through a discontinuous field. The model was used to compare the effectiveness of eight different planting patterns of cultivar mixtures against a disease spread by short-distance and stratified dispersal. Our combined modelling approach provides a reasonably good fit with the observed data for the spread of faba bean rust. Similar predictive power could be expected for the management of resource-mediated invasions by other airborne fungi. If a disease spreads by short-distance dispersal, random mixtures can be used to slow the epidemic spread, since their spatial irregularity creates a natural barrier to the progression of a smooth epidemic wave. In the context of stratified dispersal, heterogeneous patterns should be used that include a minimum distance between susceptible units, which decreases the probability of infection by long-distance spore dispersal. We provide a simple framework for modelling the stratified dispersal of disease in a diversified crop. The model suggests that the spatial arrangement of components in cultivar mixtures has to accord with the dispersal characteristics of the pathogen in order to increase the efficiency of diversification strategies in agro-ecosystems and forestry. It can be applied in low input agriculture to manage pathogen invasion by intercropping and cultivar mixtures, and to design sustainable systems of land use.     

镧对镉胁迫下菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)幼苗生长的影响

以菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)为实验材料,以水培方法研究了La对Cd抑制对菜豆幼苗生长与代谢的影响.结果表明,在30μmol·L^-1Cd剂量伤害下,菜豆的生长受到严重抑制,主要表现为株高、主根长下降31.1%和39.2%,叶面积、叶、茎、根的鲜重、干重分别降低48.0%,42.7%、29.6%、25.0%、26.7%、61.3%、49.4%.在50μmol·L^-1Cd剂量伤害下,其生理生化特性发生变化,叶绿素含量、根系活力下降23.5%和28.7%,质膜透性、MDA含量、CAT和POD活性增加5.58%、28.6%、0.6%、7.0%,且随Cd处理时间的延长,伤害加重.叶面喷施10 mg·L^-1 La 1次,对镉污染下的菜豆幼苗的生长与代谢有一定的缓解效应,可减轻镉对幼苗的伤害程度.这与La能提高菜豆幼苗叶绿素含量(30.0%),降低细胞膜透性(0.87%)和MDA含量(9.5%),维持CAT(0.1%)和POD活性(1.6%)等多重作用相关.     

吉林省主要农作物病虫害风险防御区划

农作物病虫害风险的研究,对有效防御病虫害发生、制定相应的防御对策及有效评估病虫害造成的损失有重大意义。利用吉林省50个县市的玉米、水稻和大豆产量、面积资料,及相应各站1961-2009年主要病虫害——玉米螟、稻瘟病、大豆蚜资料,根据灾害发生的频数确定病虫害影响指数,分析了各因子的影响程度。通过将各因子极差化处理,计算出综合风险防御指数,对吉林省主要农作物病虫害高、中、低风险防御区进行了区划评估。