医院传染病污水处理技术探讨

以杭州市第六人民医院的污水处理设施为例，阐述了医院传染病污水处理技术的基本思路，并进而探讨了其消毒参数选择和处理的经济性，总结了还存在的问题及解决途径。     

阿坝州大骨节病和扶贫开发决策中AHP方法的应用

大骨节病防治和扶贫开发试点工作涉及阿坝州的经济、社会、生态等各方面,且州内各县、乡、村情况各异,众多具体措施关系复杂。为了提高决策质量,使试点工作取得“优化举措、重点突破”的效果,应用AHP方法建立了定量模型。     

磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCPP)诱导人胚肾细胞HEK293凋亡的机制研究

磷系阻燃剂对人体的潜在毒性作用引起了国内外研究者的广泛关注。肾脏是机体重要的排毒器官,若肾脏细胞受损,可能影响肾脏功能的正常发挥。本研究以人胚肾细胞HEK293为研究对象,结合传统毒理学实验,筛选出磷酸三苯酯(TPP)及磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCPP)诱导人胚肾细胞HEK293凋亡的关键靶标基因p53。在此基础上采用分子对接模拟和光谱法分析发现,TPP和TCPP分别以嵌插方式和沟槽方式结合p53-DNA,改变基因片段的框架结构,启动分子起始事件,通过影响相关基因(Bax、Hrk、Bcl-2和Bad)的表达量,导致线粒体途径释放cyt c,最终激活Caspase 7实现细胞凋亡。研究结果阐明了此类污染物诱导凋亡的作用机制,为毒害化学品的污染防控提供理论依据。     

In vitro toxicity of selected fungicides from the groups of benzimidazoles and demethylation inhibitors to Cladobotryum dendroides and Agaricus bisporus

Twenty microfungal isolates were collected from diseased fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus sampled from Serbian mushroom farms during 2003–2007. Based on morphological characteristics and pathogenicity tests, the isolates were identified as Cladobotryum dendroides. The isolates of C. dendroides and A. bisporusF56 and U3 were tested for sensitivity to several selected fungicides in vitro. C. dendroides isolates were found to be more sensitive to prochloraz manganese and flusilazole + carbendazim than to the other fungicides tested (EC₅₀ values were 0.09 and 0.11 mg L^{? 1}, respectively) and weakly resistant to thiophanate-methyl (EC₅₀ values ranged between 6.53 and 12.09 mg L^{? 1}). Selectivity indexes of the tested fungicides on both C. dendroidesand A. bisporusindicated that thiophanate-methyl, cyproconazole + carbendazim and flusilazole + carbendazim had much less selective fungitoxicity than benomyl, carbendazim and prochloraz manganese.     

Fungicide sensitivity of Trichoderma spp. from Agaricus bisporus farms in Serbia

Trichoderma species, the causal agents of green mould disease, induce great losses in Agaricus bisporus farms. Fungicides are widely used to control mushroom diseases although green mould control is encumbered with difficulties. The aims of this study were, therefore, to research in vitro toxicity of several commercial fungicides to Trichoderma isolates originating from Serbian and Bosnia-Herzegovina farms, and to evaluate the effects of pH and light on their growth. The majority of isolates demonstrated optimal growth at pH 5.0, and the rest at pH 6.0. A few isolates also grew well at pH 7. The weakest mycelial growth was noted at pH 8.0–9.0. Generally, light had an inhibitory effect on the growth of tested isolates. The isolates showed the highest susceptibility to chlorothalonil and carbendazim (ED₅₀ less than 1 mg L^?1), and were less sensitive to iprodione (ED₅₀ ranged 0.84–6.72 mg L^?1), weakly resistant to thiophanate-methyl (ED₅₀ = 3.75–24.13 mg L^?1), and resistant to trifloxystrobin (ED₅₀ = 10.25–178.23 mg L^?1). Considering the toxicity of fungicides to A. bisporus, carbendazim showed the best selective toxicity (0.02), iprodione and chlorothalonil moderate (0.16), and thiophanate-methyl the lowest (1.24), while trifloxystrobin toxicity to A. bisporus was not tested because of its inefficiency against Trichoderma isolates.     

Evidence for the Role of Infectious Disease in Species Extinction and Endangerment

Abstract:  Infectious disease is listed among the top five causes of global species extinctions. However, the majority of available data supporting this contention is largely anecdotal. We used the IUCN Red List of Threatened and Endangered Species and literature indexed in the ISI Web of Science to assess the role of infectious disease in global species loss. Infectious disease was listed as a contributing factor in <4% of species extinctions known to have occurred since 1500 (833 plants and animals) and as contributing to a species' status as critically endangered in <8% of cases (2852 critically endangered plants and animals). Although infectious diseases appear to play a minor role in global species loss, our findings underscore two important limitations in the available evidence: uncertainty surrounding the threats to species survival and a temporal bias in the data. Several initiatives could help overcome these obstacles, including rigorous scientific tests to determine which infectious diseases present a significant threat at the species level, recognition of the limitations associated with the lack of baseline data for the role of infectious disease in species extinctions, combining data with theory to discern the circumstances under which infectious disease is most likely to serve as an agent of extinction, and improving surveillance programs for the detection of infectious disease. An evidence-based understanding of the role of infectious disease in species extinction and endangerment will help prioritize conservation initiatives and protect global biodiversity.     

Globalization of the Amazon Soy and Beef Industries: Opportunities for Conservation

Abstract:  Amazon beef and soybean industries, the primary drivers of Amazon deforestation, are increasingly responsive to economic signals emanating from around the world, such as those associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, "mad cow disease") outbreaks and China's economic growth. The expanding role of these economic "teleconnections" (coupled phenomena that take place in distant places on the planet) led to a 3-year period (2002–2004) of historically high deforestation rates. But it also increases the potential for large-scale conservation in the region as markets and finance institutions demand better environmental and social performance of beef and soy producers. Cattle ranchers and soy farmers who have generally opposed ambitious government regulations that require forest reserves on private property are realizing that good land stewardship—including compliance with legislation—may increase their access to expanding domestic and international markets and to credit and lower the risk of "losing" their land to agrarian reform. The realization of this potential depends on the successful negotiation of social and environmental performance criteria and an associated system of certification that are acceptable to both the industries and civil society. The foot-and-mouth eradication system, in which geographic zones win permission to export beef, may provide an important model for the design of a low-cost, peer-enforced, socioenvironmental certification system that becomes the mechanism by which beef and soy industries gain access to markets outside the Amazon.     

Prenatal diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) in four high risk male fetuses

Prenatal diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) was performed in four male high risk fetuses. The male sex was previously determined by an amniotic cell karyotype. Three kinds of test were performed on fetal blood obtained by umbilical venous puncture under fetoscopy at the 20th gestational week: nitroblue tetrazolium reduction (NBT) cytochemical test with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) as activator; luminol enhanced chemiluminescence with activation by serum opsonized zymosan (STZ) or PMA; superoxide anion (0) production by measurement of the superoxide dismutase inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c with PMA as activator. Results were compared to those obtained in six fetuses investigated for other inherited diseases. In one case, absence of granulocyte defects was confirmed at birth. In three other cases, the tests showed deficient metabolic oxidative granulocytes. The pregnancy was terminated and the CGD diagnosis was confirmed on the products of abortion. The use of three different techniques performed on whole blood for CGD prenatal diagnosis is recommended instead of a single isolated test to ensure a higher confidence in the diagnosis.     

Neonatal lung function following mid-trimester amniocentesis

Three hundred and fifty-four women who underwent midtrimester genetic amniocentesis were matched for age, parity, indication, and smoking history, with an equivalent number of women who had declined the procedure, for the purpose of comparing the neonatal respiratory status of their offspring. There was no evidence that the infants exposed to genetic amniocentesis were compromised.     

生物肥料对香蕉枯萎病及土壤微生物的影响

香蕉枯萎病是真菌引起的一种土传病害,它的蔓延已经严重影响到香蕉产业的正常发展.将腐熟的有机肥与3种生防细菌(枯草芽胞杆菌、胶质芽胞杆菌和巨大芽胞杆菌)结合,组合成生物复混肥和生物有机肥,将它们施用在香蕉上,研究其对枯萎病病害防治效果.盆栽香蕉试验结果显示,2种肥料不仅能抑制香蕉枯萎病(防病效果分别为61.5%和53.8%),同时也引起土壤微生物群落发生变化,真菌数量明显下降,放线菌明显升高,细菌变化较小.通过相关分析发现,生物肥料中3种生防细菌总数与土壤中枯萎菌和普通真菌呈显著负相关,而与防病效果呈极显著正相关,有机肥中细菌与土壤细菌和放线菌含量也呈显著正相关.