面向疫情危机的城市公共卫生系统韧性

为有效应对城市公共卫生危机,公共卫生系统韧性至关重要。以武汉新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情防控成功经验为例,运用扎根理论分析政府、社区、医疗机构、媒体、非政府组织在COVID-19疫情防控中的观念与行为,解析出反映系统韧性特征的疾病监测体系、防疫资源管理、合作治理能力等10个主范畴及对应的52个子范畴,由此将系统韧性细分为功能韧性、过程韧性和整体韧性。运用解释结构模型(ISM)构建提升公共卫生系统韧性的层次结构模型,揭示多元社会主体通过前述韧性要素集合:社会防疫基础、防疫科技与文化、疫情风险综合治理的层级递进应急准备,实现城市公共卫生系统韧性提升目标。     

The scope and severity of white-nose syndrome on hibernating bats in North America

Assessing the scope and severity of threats is necessary for evaluating impacts on populations to inform conservation planning. Quantitative threat assessment often requires monitoring programs that provide reliable data over relevant spatial and temporal scales, yet such programs can be difficult to justify until there is an apparent stressor. Leveraging efforts of wildlife management agencies to record winter counts of hibernating bats, we collated data for 5 species from over 200 sites across 27 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces from 1995 to 2018 to determine the impact of white-nose syndrome (WNS), a deadly disease of hibernating bats. We estimated declines of winter counts of bat colonies at sites where the invasive fungus that causes WNS (Pseudogymnoascus destructans) had been detected to assess the threat impact of WNS. Three species undergoing species status assessment by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Myotis septentrionalis, Myotis lucifugus, and Perimyotis subflavus) declined by more than 90%, which warrants classifying the severity of the WNS threat as extreme based on criteria used by NatureServe. The scope of the WNS threat as defined by NatureServe criteria was large (36% of Myotis lucifugus range) to pervasive (79% of Myotis septentrionalis range) for these species. Declines for 2 other species (Myotis sodalis and Eptesicus fuscus) were less severe but still qualified as moderate to serious based on NatureServe criteria. Data-sharing across jurisdictions provided a comprehensive evaluation of scope and severity of the threat of WNS and indicated regional differences that can inform response efforts at international, national, and state or provincial jurisdictions. We assessed the threat impact of an emerging infectious disease by uniting monitoring efforts across jurisdictional boundaries and demonstrated the importance of coordinated monitoring programs, such as the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat), for data-driven conservation assessments and planning.     

电子垃圾拆解工人的肝功能和肾功能健康状况及影响因素分析:以清远市龙塘镇为例

高浓度水平的重金属、持久性有机污染物(POPs)等的环境暴露对电子垃圾拆解工人健康的影响,近年来已引起了人们的广泛关注.以电子垃圾拆解工人的肝功能和肾功能健康状况为研究对象,通过比较电子垃圾拆解工人和对照组人群血液中肝功能和肾功能指标的情况,同时结合性别、年龄、职业暴露时间等因素的相关分析,分析电子垃圾拆解工人肝、肾功能的健康状况及影响因素,研究肝肾功能指标对环境污染物造成健康损害的敏感程度.结果表明,广东清远龙塘镇电子垃圾拆解工人肝功能指标谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶(AST/ALT)及直接胆红素(DBIL)显著低于对照组,但肝功能与肾功能的异常率与对照组均无显著差异;男性工人肝功能、肾功能指标的异常率较女性工人高;电子垃圾拆解工人肝功能指标AST/ALT和肾功能指标尿素氮(BUN)与年龄呈正相关,肌酐(CREA)指标与电子垃圾拆解从业时间呈正相关;肝功能ALT、AST/ALT指标及肾功能BUN、CREA指标作为评价有机污染物造成的肝、肾功能损伤具有较好敏感性,肝功能DBIL指标作为评价多种污染物共同作用造成的肝功能损伤具有较好敏感性.     

虎纹蛙和大树蛙肾细胞超微结构及其与环境适应性的关系

用透射电镜比较了大树蛙和虎纹蛙肾细胞的超微结构，大树蛙近曲小管上皮细胞具发达的质膜内褶迷路，虎纹蛙近曲小管上皮细胞无比结构；小树蛙远曲小管上皮细胞含丰富的质膜内褶，虎纹蛙远曲小管上皮细胞的质膜内褶较少；两种蛙的集合管上皮细胞都有质膜内褶迷路；结果表明，虎纹蛙和大树蛙之间肾细胞超微结构特征的差异是与它们不同的栖息环境和生态习性相适应的。     

环境硒及其复合因子与大骨节病

本文通过对大骨节病病区低硒环境和病区发样品的重复采样和多元素含量的测定及其与大骨节病病情的相关分析,探讨了大骨节病的致病因素。研究表明,环境低硒是大骨节病发生的重要因素之一。人发硒与大骨节病检出率密切相关,且由永寿大骨节病考察队流行病学组和生态环境组调查数据得到了相同的结论。本文还探讨了除低硒外,其它与硒有关、可能与之结合致病的因素。     

富营养化对珊瑚礁生态系统影响的研究进展

根据国外最新文献,综述了富营养化对珊瑚礁生态系统影响的研究进展情况,这些进展主要包括:(1)对珊瑚生长及其共生虫黄藻的影响(如对珊瑚钙化作用、组织生长、虫黄藻的密度及其光合作用等的影响);(2)对珊瑚繁殖和补充的影响(包括对珊瑚的生育、受精、胚胎和幼虫的发展及其幼虫的附着等的影响);(3)对珊瑚疾病的影响(如对白化现象、疾病的易感性和病菌的适应性等的影响);(4)对珊瑚礁生态系统群落结构演替的影响(如刺激造礁藻的生长或者促进珊瑚礁不常见的营养性藻类变成优势种)。同时指出了一些该领域未来研究的重点,包括(1)珊瑚共生系对富营养化的长期性响应机制;(2)结合同位素技术和叶绿素荧光技术研究外部富营养化对珊瑚共生系碳、氮循环的影响;(3)富营养化对珊瑚繁殖和补充不同阶段的影响机制;(4)加强珊瑚病毒细菌的种类、结构研究,从基因这个微观的角度来研究富营养化对珊瑚疾病的影响机制;(5)富营养化与草食动物对珊瑚礁群落结构产生的耦合效应研究;(6)指示珊瑚礁生态系统富营养化的生物化学指标研究等。     

水体铜对黄河鲤Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的影响

为了研究不同浓度的水体铜对黄河鲤Na -K -ATP酶活性的影响,采用ρ(Cu2 )为0.01,0.05,0.10,0.30,0.50,0.70和1.00 mg/L的试验液分别刺激黄河鲤1,3,5和7 d后,测定黄河鲤鳃组织、肝胰脏和肾组织Na -K -ATP酶活性.结果表明:Cu2 对黄河鲤的96 h LC50为1.67 mg/L;低浓度Cu2 (ρ(Cu2 )为0.01和0.05 mg/L)对黄河鲤鳃组织、肝胰脏和肾组织Na -K -ATP酶活性有促进作用,且随着ρ(Cu2 )的增加和暴露时间的延长,促进作用也越明显(P<0.05);黄河鲤暴露于0.10 mg/L的Cu2 溶液时,鳃组织Na -K -ATP酶活性5 d后显著低于对照组(P<0.05),肝胰脏和肾组织Na -K -ATP酶活性与对照组相比,差异不显著;高浓度Cu2 (ρ(Cu2 )为0.30,0.50,0.70和1.00 mg/L)对黄河鲤鳃组织、肝胰脏和肾组织Na -K -ATP酶活性有抑制作用,且随着ρ(Cu2 )的增加和暴露时间的延长,抑制作用也越明显(P<0.05或P<0.01).提示黄河鲤鳃组织、肝胰脏和肾组织Na -K -ATP酶活性对铜的污染均具有指示作用(其中最为灵敏的是鳃组织Na -K -ATP酶活性),且存在计量-效应关系和时间-效应关系,可以用来指示低剂量重金属的污染.     

Cooling of bat hibernacula to mitigate white-nose syndrome

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease that has caused precipitous declines in several North American bat species, creating an urgent need for conservation. We examined how microclimates and other characteristics of hibernacula have affected bat populations following WNS-associated declines and evaluated whether cooling of warm, little-used hibernacula could benefit bats. During the period following mass mortality (2013–2020), we conducted 191 winter surveys of 25 unmanipulated hibernacula and 6 manipulated hibernacula across Pennsylvania (USA). We joined these data with additional datasets on historical (pre-WNS) bat counts and on the spatial distribution of underground sites. We used generalized linear mixed models and model selection to identify factors affecting bat populations. Winter counts of Myotis lucifugus were higher and increased over time in colder hibernacula (those with midwinter temperatures of 3–6 °C) compared with warmer (7–11 °C) hibernacula. Counts of Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis leibii, and Myotis septentrionalis were likewise higher in colder hibernacula (temperature effects = –0.73 [SE 0.15], –0.51 [0.18], and –0.97 [0.28], respectively). Populations of M. lucifugus and M. septentrionalis increased most over time in hibernacula surrounded by more nearby sites, whereas Eptesicus fuscus counts remained high where they had been high before WNS onset (pre-WNS high count effect = 0.59 [0.22]). Winter counts of M. leibii were higher in hibernacula with high vapor pressure deficits (VPDs) (particularly over 0.1 kPa) compared with sites with lower VPDs (VPD effect = 15.3 [4.6]). Counts of M. lucifugus and E. fuscus also appeared higher where VPD was higher. In contrast, Perimyotis subflavus counts increased over time in relatively warm hibernacula and were unaffected by VPD. Where we manipulated hibernacula, we achieved cooling of on average 2.1 °C. At manipulated hibernacula, counts of M. lucifugus and P. subflavus increased over time (years since manipulation effect = 0.70 [0.28] and 0.51 [0.15], respectively). Further, there were more E. fuscus where cooling was greatest (temperature difference effect = –0.46 [SE 0.11]), and there was some evidence there were more P. subflavus in hibernacula sections that remained warm after manipulation. These data show bats are responding effectively to WNS through habitat selection. In M. lucifugus, M. septentrionalis, and possibly P. subflavus, this response is ongoing, with bats increasingly aggregating at suitable hibernacula, whereas E. fuscus remain in previously favored sites. Our results suggest that cooling warm sites receiving little use by bats is a viable strategy for combating WNS.