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51.
This paper clarifies how polymers are dealt with under the Directive 67/548/EEC. Polymers are a particular group of substances under the Directive 67/548/EEC [1] and amendments [2,3] as they are not listed in the European INventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances (EINECS [4]) which otherwise lists all substances which were on the European Community Market between 1 January 1971 and 18 September 1981, the ‘existing substances’. Instead, in EINECS polymers are registered under their ultimate building blocks. With the 6th amendment to the Directive [2] polymers became notifiable substances if containing 2% or more of new substance(s) (i.e. as a general rule substances not listed in EINECS), and the reporting criteria were used as definition. With the 7th amendment to the Directive [3] an exact definition was introduced and a special test package, given in Directive 93/105/EEC [5], was designed for polymers to take into account their particular properties. Changing the definition of polymers created a group of substances which under the 6th amendment had been defined as polymers, and could no longer be regarded as polymers under the 7th amendment, the No‐Longer‐Polymers. 相似文献
52.
介绍了常用固相萃取剂的类型与适用范围,综述了近年来在极性有机污染物富集检测中获得应用的新型固相萃取剂,包括具有高比表面积和亲水表面的聚合物萃取剂,以及利用分子印迹和免疫亲和技术制备的新型萃取剂。 相似文献
53.
针对高聚物粘结炸药的粒度分级 ,研究了一种以水为介质而具有本质安全性的筛分方法 ;根据界面化学原理采用添加润湿剂和消泡剂的技术使筛分工艺进一步完善。数种配方的应用表明 ,该法不仅具有安全、高效的特点 ,而且有利于提高产品的使用性能和安全性 相似文献
54.
Sophie Grima Véronique Bellon-Maurel Françoise Silvestre Pierre Feuilloley 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2001,9(1):39-48
A new test method is described for assessing biodegradation of plastic material under simulated soil conditions. An inert substrate can be activated with soil extract and nutrient and used in place of soil in biodegradation tests. The biodegradation level is evaluated by determining the carbon dioxide (CO2) production released by the test reactors. Effects of substrate nature, solution pH, nutrient composition, soil extract concentration, and activation duration on CO2 production were investigated, and the experimental conditions were optimized. Results obtained with cellulose showed a biodegradation rate of 80% within 28 days. Moreover, with this kind of substrate, reaction products and residues can be easily extracted and analysed. 相似文献
55.
Toshiro Tsuji Yoshiki Tanaka Hironori Itoh 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2001,3(1):2-7
Plastic pellets of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) were gasified in a two-stage thermal degradation
process. The first stage is the conversion of polyolefins to distilled oils using a melting vessel. In the second stage, the
oils from the first stage are gasified using a tubular reactor. The distilled oil yields of PE, PP, and PS in the first stage
were 84, 89, 92 wt%, respectively, each at 470°C. The total gas yields of PE, PP, and PS in the second stage were 80, 74,
and 6.2 wt%, respectively, each at 800°C. The main components of the product gas for PE and PP were methane and olefins such
as ethene and propene. Some aromatic oils, including benzene, toluene, and xylene, were also produced as by-products. The
amount of carbonaceous residue, or coke, was very low (less than 1 wt%). By dividing the process into two stages, the coking
rate was considerably reduced compared with direct gasification of the polyolefins.
Received: July 19, 2000 / Accepted: September 17, 2000 相似文献
56.
Anne Calmon F. Silvestre Véronique Bellon-Maurel Jean-Michel Roger Pierre Feuilloley 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1999,7(3):135-144
In the present project, twenty materials (e.g., polyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate, polycaprolactone, cellulose acetate, polyacticacid, polyethylene), representing varied biodegradability levels were studied. An aerobic respirometric test, based on the CEN Draft, was setup. The biodegradability of each plastic film was evaluated by measuring the percentage of carbon converted into CO2 during 35 days. The values of the CO2 production were plotted versus days as a cumulative function. In order to reduce its number of points, the cumulative curve was modeled using a sigmoïd function (Hill sigmoïd). This model was compared to one found in the literature. A
i
2
test showed that the biodegradation curve was more accurately fitted with the model than the previous one. Three kinetic parameters were determined by this Hill model: one represents the maximal percentage of carbon converted into CO2, the second the half-life time in days of the degrading part of the material and the third one the curve radius.In addition, the following analyses were carried out on each sample: elemental analysis, thickness, hydrophobicity and surface free energy measurements. In order to compress the information and to keep only relevant pieces, these parameters were submitted to a Principal Component Analysis. PCA found linear combinations of variables that describe major trends in the data. The two principal components which separate groups of materials were closely related to a chemical and a physical axis respectively. Materials showing a high biodegradability were related to high oxygen (and nitrogen) contents and low hydrophobicity: Material thickness did not influence the likeliness to biodegradability described by the maximum biodegradation rate. Finally, this study established the correlation between the biodegradation and the structure of biopolymers. 相似文献
57.
高速、重载铁路的发展对铁路路基的稳定性、承载力提出了更高的要求,为此,笔者介绍一种运用新型高分子聚合的筑路剂——P.P.T来改善路基力学特性的方法。通过对P.P.T改良土封顶前后路基稳定性和承载力的计算和比较分析,指出其改良土在较薄封顶厚度的前提下,仍能够有效提高路基边坡的稳定性,尤其是能大幅度提高路基的容许承载力。此外,P.P.T在防治路基其他常见病害方面与传统的灰土相比也具有较大优势,实际工程应用表明,P.P.T具有较好的推广价值。 相似文献
58.
《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2014,92(6):515-521
Cationic polyelectrolyte promoted effective attachment of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) onto microalgal cells through electrostatic attraction. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and chitosan (ChiL), both are cationic polymer, are feasible to act as binding agent to promote rapid magnetophoretic separation of Chlorella sp. through low gradient magnetic separation (LGMS) with field gradient ▿B less than 80 T/m in real time. Cell separation efficiency up to 98% for the case of PDDA and 99% for the case of ChiL can be achieved in 6 min when 3 × 107 cells/mL Chlorella sp. are exposed to 300 mg/L surface functionalized-IONPs (SF-IONPs). Different polyelectrolytes do not give significant effect on cell separation efficiency as long as the particle attachment occurred. However, the PDDA is more preferable as the binder for all type of microalgae medium than the chitosan (ChiL) since it is not pH dependent. SF-IONPs coated with PDDA guarantee the cell separation performance for all pH range of cell medium, with 98.21 ± 0.40% at pH 8.84. On the other hand, the ChiL performance will be affected by the cell medium pH, with only 22.93 ± 31.03% biomass recovery at pH 9.25. 相似文献
59.
Xue Shen Lei Lu Baoyu Gao Xing Xu Qinyan Yue 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(1):9
60.
Expanded metal mesh and polymer foams of appropriate pore or cell size and sufficient surface area per unit volume can suppress deflagrations of gas/vapor–air mixtures. This paper reviews the requirements that have been established for use of these materials in military aircraft fuel tanks. Extensions and generalizations of these requirements for other applications have been developed and incorporated into the 2008 edition of the NFPA 69 Standard for Explosion Prevention. The new NFPA 69 requirements for testing, evaluating, and installing these materials are summarized here along with an explanation of the basis and rationale for these requirements. 相似文献