Dietary Spirulina platensis alleviates aluminum and aluminum fluoride induced histopathological and biochemical alterations in mice kidney

Aluminum and its salts widely used in our daily life have been reported nephrotoxic to humans and animals following prolonged exposure. Therefore, the present study was made to examine the renoprotective role of Spirulina platensis against Al³⁺ and AlF₃ in male Swiss albino mice. Exposure to these chemicals decreased feed and water intake, and body and kidney weights. Histology of kidney and their biochemistry were also markedly altered along with that of serum biochemistry. Spirulina not only minimize toxic effects of test chemicals but also favored faster recovery of treated mice after their withdrawal.     

Fabrication of PVDF nanofibrous hydrophobic composite membranes reinforced with fabric substrates via electrospinning for membrane distillation desalination

To improve the mechanical properties of the electrospun nanofibrous membrane, the nonwoven fabrics and spacer fabrics were employed as support substrates to fabricate polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) nanofibrous composite membranes. The influences of the substrate on membrane morphology, hydrophobicity, pore size and pore size distribution,porosity, mechanical strength and permeability were comprehensive evaluated. The electrospun composite membranes had a three dimension bead-fiber interconnected open structure and a rough membrane surface. The membrane surface presented a multilevel re-entrant structure and all the water contact angles were above 140°. In contrast with the pure PVDF nanofibrous membrane, the stress at break and the elastic modulus of the composite membranes increased by 4.5–16 times and 17.5–37 times, respectively. Since the spacer fabrics had less resistance to mass transfer, the membranes composited with spacer fabrics exhibited greater permeate fluxes compared with the composite membranes with the nonwoven fabrics as substrates.During the membrane distillation test, the highest permeate flux was up to 49.3 kg/m~2/hr at the feed temperature of 80°C. The long-time and repeat operation of membrane distillation desalination indicated the fabricated membrane with a good resistance to scaling and wetting.The results suggested the potential of the electrospun composite membrane for membrane distillation application.     

响应曲面分析优化改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中氟的吸附性能及机理研究

为提升粉煤灰漂珠对水溶液中氟的吸附性能,以氧化钙为原料,采用煅烧法制备钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附材料.通过响应曲面分析中的Box-Behnken设计吸附氟试验,探讨各吸附因数及其交互作用对吸附效果的影响,确定最佳吸附条件.利用SEM（扫描电镜）、EDS（能量散射光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）以及BET比表面积等手段对吸附材料进行表征,并结合吸附动力学、吸附等温试验探讨钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附剂的除氟机制.结果表明:①初始ρ（F-）和吸附温度对改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附水中F-的去除率有显著影响,当pH为5.0、初始ρ（F-）为125 mg/L、吸附温度为40℃时,改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中F-的吸附效果最佳.②动力学试验显示,改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中F-的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,说明该吸附过程主要以化学吸附为主;与Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型相比,Temkin吸附等温模型更适合于描述该吸附平衡过程.③SEM、EDS和BET比表面积分析显示,改性后的粉煤灰漂珠内部生成了具有不规则表面和多孔结构的含钙团簇物质,从而增加了BET比表面积,改善了孔隙结构.XRD分析显示,钙改性粉煤灰漂珠主要通过离子交换作用吸附去除水中的F-.研究显示,以工业废物为原料制备的钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附剂的最大除氟率为93.59%,是一种具有应用潜力的低成本吸附材料.      

Serum and urine monitoring of fluoride exposed workers in aluminium smelting factory

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用氟化钾水溶液从制药废液中回收异丙醇的工艺研究

采用普通精馏与加盐分相技术回收异丙醇。测定了异丙醇－水－氟化钾体系在恒温（40℃）时的液－液相平衡数据，并用Pitzer理论和Wilson方程对液－液相平衡数据进行了理论计算。结果表明：计算值与实验值符合良好；采用氟化钾水溶液回收异丙醇，当60.0%氟化钾浓溶液与50％异丙醇－50％水的物料的质量比为2.0时，有机相中异丙醇的纯度可达95.62%（质量百分数），水相中氟化钾稀溶液经蒸发回收后循环使用不影响分离性能。采用以上技术从制药废液中回收异丙醇，每年可获经济效益342万元。     

电解铝业无组织排放的氟化物监测实验研究

通过玻璃纤维滤膜与醋酸硝酸纤维滤膜采集的氟化物对比实验、双膜采样梯度实验,对氟化物的监测方法进行了初步探索,实验表明,在测定电解铝业排放的氟化物时使用醋酸硝酸纤维滤膜,其实际工作校准曲线和理论校准曲线相吻合,回收率、空白值均符合要求.     

大型磷铵企业环境风险的回顾性评价

对某大型磷企业所发生的环境污染事故进行了回顾性环境风险评价。评价结果表明，事故发生概率（P）大小依次为PSO2、PF、PH2SO4、PNH3；污染因子风险（R）大小依次为：RSO2、PH2SO4、RF、RNH3；不同类别事故风险（R）大小依次为：R操作、R过失、R设备、R管理。评价结果可作为风险防范的科学依据。     

载铁001×7改性树脂的除氟性能与机理研究

研究将H型001×7强酸树脂改性为Fe型,该树脂能有效吸附交换水中的F-.其静态饱和吸附容量达18.98mg/g,最适宜pH范围为4.5～6.0.因受膜扩散速度的制约,原水的水力条件对其除氟性能影响较大,在一定搅拌速度下,1.5小时即可达到吸附平衡.该树脂室温下的吸附等温线符合Langmuir公式,呈现出化学吸附的特征.红外光谱分析表明,除氟机理依赖于F-取代Fe3 原来吸附的配体水而与Fe3 生成配位化合物,从而具有一定的除氟能力.     

大型磷酸－磷铵企业环境风险的防范

运用工程分析，物料衡算，综合判断等方法对大型磷酸－磷铵企业的重点污染风险因子进行筛选只别，根据磷石膏库暴雨满溢时氟化物对地表水环境的污染影响，含氟废气（事故）排放对大气环境及农作物的污染影响，氨贮罐泄漏及燃爆对大气环境及健康影响的风险评价结果，重点研究了磷酸－磷铵企业环境风险的防范措施。针对广西鹿化肥公司及国内同类厂的一般情况，提出了保证库周排洪导流沟渠通畅，建设备用磷石膏库等防止暴雨满溢污染地染地表水，改造磷酸尾气洗涤吸收系统防止含氟废气（事故）排放，加强氨系统的安全管理以杜绝氨泄漏等防范措施。     

用三维平流扩散模式预测滇池地区氟化物污染

根据包含有PBL湍流统计量的三维物质连续方程,作者设计了一个同时考虑大气参数的时空(三维)变化、多个连续污染源、线性的化学转化和迁移以及复杂地形影响的三维平流扩散模式,并将滇池地区整个PBL内连续实测的湍流统计量、拉氏时间尺度、中尺度流场和混合层厚度直接输入模式,对山谷风、湖陆风和城市热岛(昆明市)中尺度局地环流控制下的氟化氢浓度的日变化作了预测。结果表明,在输入同一资料情况下,预测的结果与实测值大体上一致。