湿式静电除尘器IWS~技术及在工业废气治理中的运用

在湿式静电除尘器Ionizing wet scrubber(简称IWS)中,废气中的粉尘在-30 kV DC高压直流电场中充分荷电后,小部分粉尘吸附到电极上,为了达到较好的清灰效果,用循环水持续冲洗电极,随后大部分粉尘随气流进入填料Tellerette塔中并吸附在填料表面;此时有毒、有腐蚀性和恶臭的气体也被吸收到填料塔中,然后也采用循环水流对填料进行连续冲洗,最终达到废气除尘的目的。     

北京市大气颗粒物中正构烷烃污染特征的研究

利用中流量采样器于2011年3-12月对北京西三环地区大气颗粒物进行分级采样,并利用GC-MS对颗粒物中正构烷烃含量进行测定。对不同粒径颗粒中C10-C2415种正构烷烃的测定分析表明,PM2.5、PM5和PM10中正构烷烃的年均质量浓度分别为94.24 ng/m3、114.20ng/m3和124.96 ng/m3;正构烷烃总质量浓度的季节变化趋势为:冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,且主要分布在在细粒子中(PM2.)5;正构烷烃在不同粒径粒子中质量浓度比(ρ2.5/ρ1)0正构烷烃、(ρ2.5-5/ρ1)0正构烷烃、(ρ5-10/ρ1)0正构烷烃分别为:春季为78.2%、13.2%、8.5%,夏季为68.6%、19.8%、11.6%,秋季为74.4%、13.8%、11.8%,冬季为76.4%、17.6%、6.1%。主碳峰为24和23,碳优势指数(CPI)2为0.56⁰.57,表明正构烷烃主要来源于汽车尾气和化石燃料的燃烧等人为活动。     

纳米磁粉协同解偶联剂作用下活性污泥性能的研究

为了促进解偶联剂作用下活性污泥减量化效果及污泥沉降性能,本研究在序批式活性污泥工艺的设施中同时添加解偶联剂和纳米磁粉,分析其协同作用下对活性污泥性能产生的影响.研究发现2,4,5-三氯苯酚(TCP)单独作用下污泥减量达41%,但活性污泥基质降解性能及沉降性能降低,而纳米磁粉与TCP联合作用下污泥减量仍达34%,且对C、N、P去除效能和污泥沉降性能均无明显影响.运行31 d后,脱氢酶活性提高10%～18%,且具有一定的时间累积效应;在光学显微镜下观察可发现污泥絮体结构紧实,原生动物和后生动物种类和数量增多.结果还表明,在活性污泥工艺中运用纳米磁粉与TCP协同作用可抑制剩余污泥的产生,并能提高活性污泥系统的运行效能.     

基于小波变换的武汉市PM2.5、PM10与臭氧污染特征

为验证城市空气污染物排放及协同控制后的周期性规律,利用小波变换对武汉市2013～2020年共计2421d的逐日PM_2.5、PM₁₀及臭氧浓度数据进行分析.结果表明:可吸入颗粒物污染情况逐年改善,PM_2.5浓度年均值由80.5μg/m³降至45.3μg/m³,超标比例由44%降至11%;PM₁₀浓度年均值由113.6μg/m³降至72.6μg/m³,超标比例由22%降至2%.臭氧污染未有明显改善,浓度年均值在90～100μg/m³间波动.PM_2.5、PM₁₀与臭氧浓度均表现出明显的周期性,PM_2.5浓度主周期300d、次周期140d左右;PM₁₀浓度主周期300d、次周期125d左右;臭氧浓度主周期300d、次周期143d左右.PM_2.5与PM₁₀的周期与位相均相...     

Assessing the role of mineral particles in the atmospheric photooxidation of typical carbonyl compound

Mineral particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and exhibit an important effect on the photooxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the role of mineral particles in the photochemical oxidation mechanism of VOCs remains unclear. Hence, the photooxidation reactions of acrolein (ARL) with OH radical (OH) in the presence and absence of SiO₂ were investigated by theoretical approach. The gas-phase reaction without SiO₂ has two distinct pathways (H-abstraction and OH-addition pathways), and carbonyl-H-abstraction is the dominant pathway. In the presence of SiO₂, the reaction mechanism is changed, i.e., the dominant pathway from carbonyl-H-abstraction to OH-addition to carbonyl C-atom. The energy barrier of OH-addition to carbonyl C-atom deceases 21.33 kcal/mol when SiO₂ is added. Carbonyl H-atom of ARL is occupied by SiO₂ via hydrogen bond, and carbonyl C-atom is activated by SiO₂. Hence, the main product changes from H-abstraction product to OH-adduct in the presence of SiO₂. The OH-adduct exhibits a thermodynamic feasibility to yield HO₂ radical and carboxylic acid via the subsequent reactions with O₂, with implications for O₃ formation and surface acidity of mineral particles.     

基于渗透特性的MSW颗粒组成和结构分析

在南方某填埋场埋深5~30m范围内取6组重约5kg的试样,对其进行筛分与分拣,研究垃圾颗粒组成随埋深的变化规律,同时对不同荷载作用下的垃圾试样进行染色切片,对比分析上覆压力对垃圾内部结构的影响.结果表明：对于不同埋深的城市固体废弃物,细颗粒（0D,即粒径<2cm）所占比例最大,几乎均超过50%,粗粒中2D颗粒所占比例最高,而塑料在2D颗粒中占比最大;随着荷载的增大,细粒含量增加,大孔隙和优先流通道减小.上覆压力主要通过减少垃圾内部孔隙通道,进而减小渗透系数;2D颗粒在荷载的作用下能定向排列,使渗流路径发生曲折,进而导致渗流各向异性.2D颗粒的定向排列是垃圾渗流各向异性产生的关键因素,其中塑料又是其最重要的因素.     

成都市夏冬季大气胺颗粒物的单颗粒质谱研究

基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱（SPAMS）对成都市夏冬两季大气胺颗粒进行了综合观测,结合ART-2a算法及人工合并,2个季节大气中的胺颗粒都可分为7类,各类颗粒贡献的季节差异明显,燃烧源颗粒（如EC）在夏季贡献较大,而老化的有机碳颗粒（OCa）贡献在冬季显著升高.两季节平均质谱差减进一步证明夏、冬季分别以燃烧源和老化的胺颗粒为主.因高温分解,夏季胺颗粒占比在正午出现明显的低值,而下午的燃烧活动（如生物质燃烧）对该占比提升作用明显;冬季胺颗粒占比在白天显著高于夜间.随污染加重,胺颗粒数在夏冬两季均快速增加,其中夏季EC颗粒升高最为明显,污染最重时贡献可达47%;冬季升高最明显的是老化程度更高的OCa颗粒,当PM_2.5浓度达到200μg/m³以上时,其贡献比例可达37%.因此,由于污染源和气候条件的差异,成都市大气胺颗粒形成机制和理化特征季节差异巨大.     

兰州市叶面尘磁性与黑碳特征对大气污染的响应

通过采集兰州市不同功能区小叶黄杨和刺柏叶片样品,对叶片表面滞尘量、叶表颗粒物磁性特征和黑碳（EC）浓度进行系统分析,探究其对周围大气污染的响应.结果显示,小叶黄杨和刺柏叶表颗粒物磁性特征以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主导,磁晶体粒径以假单畴（PSD）颗粒为主.交通区小叶黄杨和刺柏饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）（489.40×10^-6A,290.73×10^-5A·m²/kg）显著高于公园（99.56×10^-6A,74.00×10^-5A·m²/kg）和生活区（61.91×10^-6A,209.79×10^-5A·m²/kg）,表明SIRM明显受到周围环境中污染物浓度的影响.小叶黄杨和刺柏叶表颗粒物亚铁磁性矿物浓度与黑碳浓度的高值分布区域在空间上具有一致性,并且二者高度相关（r=0.94,0.94;P<0.0001）,表明二者来源具有一致性.同时,不同采样高度不同树种叶片磁性对叶表颗粒物中黑碳浓度均有稳定的指示性,进一步表明叶表颗粒物SIRM可以作为指示叶表颗粒物黑碳污染的重要磁学参数.以城市绿化植物叶片为载体的环境磁学研究可实现颗粒物污染高空间分辨率的环境友好型监测.     

Understanding the electrode reaction process of dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol over Ni/Fe nanoparticles: Effect of pH and 2,4-dichlorophenol concentration

Herein,with the exploitation of iron and nickel electrodes,the 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)dechlorinating processes at the anode and cathode,respectively,were separately studied via various electrochemical techniques(e.g.,Tafel polarization,linear polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy).With this in mind,Ni/Fe nanoparticles were prepared by chemical solution deposition,and utilized to test the dechlorination activities of 2,4-DCP over a bimetallic system.For the iron anode,the results showed that higher 2,4-DCP concentration and solution acidity aggravated the corrosion within the electrode.The charge transfer resistance(R_(ct))values of the iron electrode were 703,473,444,and 437Ω·cm~2 for the initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of0,20,50,and 80 mg/L,respectively.When the bulk pH of the 2,4-DCP solution varied from 3.0,5.0to 7.0,the corresponding R_(ct) values were 315,376,and 444Ω·cm~2,respectively.For the nickel cathode,the reduction current densities on the electrode at-0.75 V(vs.saturated calomel electrode)were 80,106,and 111μA/cm~2,for initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of 40,80,and125 mg/L.The dechlorination experiments demonstrated that when the initial pH of the solution was 7.0,5.0,and 3.0,the dechlorination percentage of 2,4-DCP by Ni/Fe nanoparticles was 62%,69%,and 74%,respectively,which was in line with the electrochemical experiments.10 wt.%Ni loading into Ni/Fe bimetal was affordable and gave a good dechlorination efficiency of 2,4-DCP,and fortunately the Ni/Fe nanoparticles remained comparatively stable in the dechlorination processes at pH 3.0.     

纤维干燥尾气余热利用中的积灰研究

在纤维干燥尾气的余热回收利用中,飞灰沉积会直接影响设备的安全高效运行,不利于木材工业的节能减排。阐述了飞灰沉积机理和数值模拟等研究现状。对于弹性球形颗粒的沉积,已获得了一些科学可靠的机理模型和论证结果,为灰污防治提供了合理的技术支持;关于柔性细长颗粒的沉积,仅取得少量的成果,需要进一步全面深入展开相关研究。