细颗粒物和臭氧协同监测现状与建议

细颗粒物和臭氧协同控制是深入打好蓝天保卫战的重要课题.加强细颗粒物和臭氧协同监测,对精准科学制定协同控制策略具有积极意义.文章从监测网络、质量管理、数据应用等方面分析了我国细颗粒物和臭氧协同监测工作的现状;针对协同监测在满足管理需求方面的短板和不足,提出了拓展网络功能、完善技术体系、深化数据应用等建议.     

新疆盐尘颗粒的迁移及其对城市大气颗粒物的贡献

对2017年9月至2018年8月、12月采集的乌鲁木齐市PM_2.5、“沙雪”样品和克拉玛依土样的水溶性离子进行分析,并结合城市主要风向、扫描电镜联能谱（SEM/EDS）和后向轨迹模型（HYSPLIT）,对环境中盐尘粒子的来源及其对大气颗粒物形成的影响进行了研究.结果表明：PM_2.5中总水溶性离子平均浓度为（62.65±64.75）μg/m³,变化范围为0.69~328.60 μg/m³.其中SO₄²、Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-、K⁺和Mg²⁺ 6种盐尘粒子浓度分别为（22.73±26.45）,（2.11±3.11）,（1.85±1.43）,（0.40±0.40）,（0.28±0.20）,（0.21±0.15）μg/m³.四季风向结合HYSPLIT模型结果可知,PM_2.5中盐尘粒子主要来源于艾比湖及玛纳斯盐湖的气团;受风沙影响,乌鲁木齐市雪样中Cl^-、SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺和Na⁺分别增加了30,19,20,5,7和5倍.     

偏转角影响磁纤维捕集Fe基细颗粒的数值模拟

为了研究磁性纤维对钢铁行业细颗粒物的控制效果,基于计算流体力学-离散相模型（CFD-DPM）对高梯度磁场中含尘气流方向与背景磁场方向夹角（偏转角）分别为0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°、90°时磁性单纤维捕集Fe基细颗粒进行数值模拟.分别研究高梯度磁场作用下颗粒粒径、入口风速、磁场强度对颗粒运动轨迹和捕集效率的影响.结果表明：高梯度磁场中偏转角影响磁性纤维捕集区域的位置,当角度为0°时,在纤维正对含尘气流方向区域形成颗粒捕集区,背风侧形成较大空腔;当角度为90°时,在沿气流方向纤维两侧形成面积相等的捕集区域.偏转角对小颗粒捕集效率的影响较小,当角度为0°时,对于0.5μm的颗粒捕集效率为4.1%,当角度为90°时捕集效率为3.9%.随着粒径的增大,捕集效率的增长速率先减小后增大,对于不同粒径的颗粒,当角度为0°时捕集效率最高.当风速在0.02~0.04m/s范围时,随着角度从0°增加到90°,捕集效率先降低,在45°附近达到最小值,然后升高.磁场强度的增加有利于提高捕集效率,但不同角度时的增长速率有所不同.当偏转角为0°和60°时,背景磁场强度为0.1~0.3T范围时增长速率明显大于0.3~0.9T范围内,而当偏转角为30°和90°时,背景磁场强度为0.1~0.5T范围时增长速率高于0.5~0.9T时的增长速率.     

深圳冬季大气气态硝酸和硝酸盐气粒分配特征

利用双通道在线气体和气溶胶分析仪（MARGA）在深圳冬季同时观测了PM_2.5和PM₁₀中水溶性无机离子及气态前体物浓度变化,以探究气态硝酸（HNO₃）和颗粒态硝酸盐（pNO₃^-）的气粒分配特征.结果表明,气态硝酸和颗粒态硝酸盐总和TNO₃（TNO₃=HNO₃+pNO₃^-）中,气态HNO₃、细颗粒NO₃^-和粗颗粒NO₃^-三个部分的占比分别为9.6%、56.8%和33.6%.TNO₃浓度日变化呈现双峰特征,上午峰值来自于细颗粒态NO₃^-增加,由交通早高峰排放NO_x转化生成所致;白天光化学反应使TNO₃的3个部分浓度均增加,TNO₃在下午17：00达到全天峰值.相关分析表明,低温有利于NO₃^-以NH₄NO₃存在于细颗粒态;TNO₃浓度较高时,细颗粒态NO₃^-占比亦升高.     

可吸入颗粒物在不同阻塞性呼吸道内运动与沉积特性

为弄清颗粒污染物在慢性阻塞性肺病工人呼吸道内运动和沉积规律,采用数值方法讨论了2类阻塞性呼吸道内气固流动特性,分析了阻塞率（α）、阻塞位置、劳动强度等因数对流场分布、颗粒沉积形式和沉积率的影响.结果表明,α越大,病人局部缺氧越严重,当α=0.8时,相对缺氧率可达90%以上;劳动强度越强或受阻塞位置越深,病人发生哮喘的可能性愈高.呼吸道变形不会改变颗粒的沉积机制,但对其沉积形式有显著影响.α增大,劳动强度增强,粒径变大,均会导致颗粒沉积分布不对称性提高,且下呼吸道粒子沉积分布对称性更好.此外,呼吸道变形使总沉降率（η_t）减小,且α越大,η_t越小.发现对于低劳动强度,下呼吸道或者d_p>5μm的大颗粒,α对η_t影响要更为显著.     

Characterization of seawater and aerosol particle surfactants using solid phase extraction and mass spectrometry

Surface-active organic molecules (surfactants) may influence the ability of an aerosol particle to act as a cloud condensation nuclei by reducing its surface tension. One source of organic mass in aerosol particles, which may also contain surfactants, is bubble bursting on the sea surface. In order to directly compare these molecules in the ocean and aerosol particles, we developed a method using multiple solid phase extractions and high resolution mass spectrometry to characterize surface active organic molecules in both. This method has extraction efficiencies greater than 85%, 75%, and 60% for anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactant standards, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of three ionic classes of surface active organics in atmospheric aerosol particles and estuarine water from Skidaway Island, GA. With this extraction method, organic molecules from both estuarine water and atmospheric aerosol particles significantly reduced surface tension of pure water (surface tension depression of ~ 18 mN/m) and had high ratios of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) and low ratios of oxygen to carbon (O/C), indicative of surfactants. While previous work has observed a larger fraction of anionic surface active organics in seawater and marine aerosol particles, here we show cationic surface active organics may make up a large fraction of the total surface active molecules in estuarine water (43%–47%).     

Emission of particulate and gaseous pollutants from household laser processing machine

Indoor air quality (IAQ) directly affects the health of occupants. Household manufacturing equipment (HME) used for hobbies or educational purposes is a new and unexplored source of air pollution. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of particulate and gaseous pollutants produced by a household laser processing equipment (HLPE). Various target materials were tested using a commercial HLPE under various operating conditions of laser power and sheath air flow rate. The mode diameters of the emitted particles gradually decreased as laser power increased, while the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle emission rate (PER) increased. In addition, as the sheath air flow rate quadrupled from 10 to 40 L/min, the mode diameter of the emitted particles decreased by nearly 25%, but the effect on the PNC was insignificant. When the laser induced the target materials at 53 mW, the mode diameters of particles were <150 nm, and PNCs were >2.0 × 10⁴ particles/cm³. Particularly, analyses of sampled aerosols indicated that harmful substances such as sulfur and barium were present in particles emitted from leather. The carcinogenic gaseous pollutants such as acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and C₈ aromatics (ethylbenzene) were emitted from all target materials. In an actual indoor environment, the PNC of inhalable ultrafine particles (UFPs) was >5 × 10⁴ particles/cm³ during 30 min of HLPE operation. Our results suggest that more meticulous control methods are needed, including the use of less harmful target materials along with filters or adsorbents that prevent emission of pollutants.     

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5/PM1.0) in Beijing, China: Variations and chemical compositions as well as sources

Particulate matter (i.e., PM_1.0 and PM_2.5), considered as the key atmospheric pollutants, exerts negative effects on visibility, global climate, and human health by associated chemical compositions. However, our understanding of PM and its chemical compositions in Beijing under the current atmospheric environment is still not complete after witnessing marked alleviation during 2013–2017. Continuous measurements can be crucial for further air quality improvement by better characterizing PM pollution and chemical compositions in Beijing. Here, we conducted simultaneous measurements on PM in Beijing during 2018–2019. Results indicate that annual mean PM_1.0 and PM_2.5 concentrations were 35.49 ± 18.61 µg/m³ and 66.58 ± 60.17 µg/m³, showing a positive response to emission controls. The contribution of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) played an enhanced role with elevated PM loading and acted as the main contributors to pollution episodes. Discrepancies observed among chemical species between PM_1.0 and PM_2.5 in spring suggest that sand particles trend to accumulate in the range of 1–2.5 µm. Pollution episodes occurred accompanied with southerly clusters and high formation of SNA by heterogeneous reactions in summer and winter, respectively. Results from positive matrix factorization (PMF) combined with potential source contribution function (PSCF) models showed that potential areas were seasonal dependent, secondary and vehicular sources became much more important compared with previous studies in Beijing. Our study presented a continuous investigation on PM and sources origins in Beijing, which provides a better understanding for further emission control as well as a reference for other cities in developing countries.     

Hygroscopicity of ambient submicron particles in urban Hangzhou, China

In this study, hygroscopicity of size-segregated ambient submicron particles in urban Hangzhou was studied from 28th December 2009 to 18th January 2010, using a hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA). The submicron particles in Hangzhou showed a minor hygroscopic growth at 73% relative humidity (RH), and then grew significantly between 77% and 82% RH. Monomodal distribution accounted for 90% for 30 nm particles, 17% for 50 nm particles, and less than 7% for particles larger than 50 nm at 82% RH. Deconvolution of the bimodal distribution indicated a less hygroscopic group and a more hygroscopic group, with the fraction of the more hygroscopic group increasing with the initial dry particle size and then remaining almost constant for accumulation mode particles. Our results imply that submicron particles in urban Hangzhou were almost entirely externally mixed, and the hygroscopic properties of ambient particles in urban Hangzhou were mainly a function of their size and chemical composition.     

隧道大气细颗粒物及其元素的粒径分布特征

对比研究了隧道和大气环境中不同粒径细颗粒物 (切割粒径分别为0.03,0.06,0.108,0.17,0.26,0.40,0.65,1.0,1.6和2.5 μm) 中S,K,Ca,Ti,Mn,Fe,Zn,Pb,Al,Si,Cu和V等12种痕量元素的浓度. 结果表明:隧道中不同粒径细颗粒物的数浓度和质量浓度在上下班高峰时段出现明显峰值,且隧道细颗粒物在0.108 μm粒径处的数浓度和在2.5 μm粒径处的质量浓度分别是大气环境对照值的15.2和40.0倍;在隧道传输过程中质量浓度增加的痕量元素有 Si,Ca,Fe,Al,Ti,Zn,Mn,Cu和V,减小的有S,Pb,Zn和K;地壳元素(Si,Ca,Fe,Al和Ti)的质量浓度总和占隧道细颗粒物中痕量元素质量浓度总和的87%,表明土壤扬尘仍是隧道大气细颗粒物的主要来源.