膨润土颗粒对多壁碳纳米管在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响

选用石英砂填充柱模拟土壤体系,通过对比在有无膨润土颗粒(Bentonite particles)存在时得到的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)的穿透曲线和滞留曲线,考察膨润土颗粒对MWCNTs在多孔介质中迁移沉积行为的影响.实验选取的Na Cl溶液离子强度为1 mmol·L-1和30 mmol·L-1,Ca Cl2溶液离子强度为0.3 mmol·L-1和1.2 mmol·L-1.溶液p H不进行调节,p H值大约为5.6.研究结果表明,在低离子强度Na Cl(1 mmol·L-1)溶液中,有膨润土颗粒共存时MWCNTs的穿透曲线和滞留曲线与没有膨润土颗粒共存时相近,表明该条件下MWCNTs的迁移和沉积行为不受膨润土颗粒影响,而在高离子强度Na Cl(30 mmol·L-1)溶液中,有膨润土颗粒共存时MWCNTs的穿透曲线低于没有膨润土颗粒共存时MWCNTs的穿透曲线,表明该条件下膨润土颗粒会抑制MWCNTs的迁移,且增加的滞留主要发生在柱子入口端;在Ca Cl2溶液中,无论离子强度的高低(0.3 mmol·L-1和1.2 mmol·L-1),有膨润土颗粒共存时,MWCNTs的穿透曲线和滞留曲线都不发生变化,说明在二价溶液中膨润土颗粒对MWCNTs的迁移和沉积行为影响不大.     

南京北郊冬季大气粗细颗粒物中PAHs来源解析

为研究南京冬季大气颗粒物中PAHs来源情况,利用FA-3型气溶胶采样器从2007年11月20日到12月30日在南京郊区分昼夜采集气溶胶样品,并用GC-MS对16种优控PAHs浓度进行定量分析,采用PCA法对其来源进行解析.结果表明,南京冬季细颗粒物中PAHs浓度明显高于粗颗粒物中PAHs浓度,单种类PAH浓度表现出昼夜差异,日间低分子量PAHs含量高于夜间,而夜间高分子量PAHs浓度则相对较高;主成分分析对PAHs源解析结果表明,南京北郊大气颗粒物中PAHs主要来源为机动车尾气、燃煤源、焦化源、天然气燃烧和烹调源等,粗细颗粒物中PAHs排放源差异明显,细颗粒物部分表现出明显的昼夜差异,同时,外来源和不确定源占有较大比重.     

Performance of bimetallic nanoscale zero-valent iron particles for removal of oxytetracycline

In this study, bimetallic nanoscale zero-valent iron particles(nZVI), including copper/nanoscale zero-valent iron particles(Cu/nZVI) and nickel/nanoscale zero-valent iron particles(Ni/nZVI), were synthesized by one-step liquid-phase reduction and applied for oxytetracycline(OTC) removal. The effects of contact time and initial p H on the removal efficiency were studied. The as-prepared nanoscale particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). Finally, the degradation mechanisms of OTC utilizing the as-prepared nanoparticles were investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and mass spectrometry(MS). Cu/n ZVI presented remarkable ability for OTC degradation and removed71.44% of OTC(100 mg/L) in 4 hr, while only 62.34% and 31.05% of OTC was degraded by Ni/nZVI and nZVI respectively. XPS and MS analysis suggested that OTC was broken down to form small molecules by ·OH radicals generated from the corrosion of Fe0. Cu/nZVI and Ni/n ZVI have been proved to have potential as materials for application in OTC removal because of their significant degradation ability toward OTC.     

Determination of trace elements in total suspended particles at the Southwest of Mexico City from 2003 to 2004

The purpose of the present study is to describe the relationships of eight elements analysed in total suspended particles collected in Mexico City, during 2003 and 2004. Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and V were analysed in to the atmospheric samples and the results were treated by Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis trying to identify the possible sources of aerosols in the sampling site. Factor analysis calculations allowed the elements classification, related to their source on oil combustion, crustal and urban dust, smelting industries and motor vehicle emissions. A further statistical analysis of chemical results from the atmospheric samples was also performed, in order to see what environmental concentrations of those elements have been affected by industrial and mining activities. The eight elements analysed were arranged into two groups that presents high and positive Pearson r values suggesting common emission sources.     

北京地区大气颗粒物输送路径及潜在源分析

利用TrajStat软件和全球资料同化系统数据,计算了2005~2016年北京市逐日72h气流后向轨迹,采用聚类分析方法,结合北京同期PM_2.5逐日质量浓度数据,分析北京市年及四季后向气流轨迹特征及其对北京市颗粒物浓度的影响,运用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,探讨研究时期内不同季节影响北京市颗粒物质量浓度的潜在源区以及不同源区对北京颗粒物质量浓度的贡献.结果表明,就全年而言,西北输送气流占总轨迹的比例最高,达59.97%,且其输送距离最远、输送高度最高、移速最快.输送高度最低、距离最短、移速最慢的东南气流占比次之,为27.64%,东北气流占比最低为12.40%,其移速和输送距离介于前两者之间.主要污染轨迹来自山东、河北,其次为来自俄罗斯、蒙古国和内蒙古荒漠戈壁地区的西北气流.PSCF和CWT分析发现,蒙中、晋中、冀西南、豫北及鲁西是影响北京PM_2.5的主要潜在区域.而不同季节、不同输送路径对北京PM_2.5污染影响的差异显著,春季主要受来自蒙晋交界区域的短距离输送气流影响,潜在源区位于冀南、鲁西、豫东和皖西北地区,夏季污染轨迹来自鲁、晋地区,潜在源区为豫东北、皖北和苏北地区;秋季主要受来自冀南地区的短距离气流影响,潜在源区为晋北、冀南、豫北和鲁西地区,冬季主要受来自蒙古国中西部和蒙中地区的远距离输送气流影响,潜在源区主要在冀南、鲁西、豫北、晋和蒙西地区.     

泡沫去除含水层硝基苯微观过程及其稳定化机理

为了研究泡沫在地层多孔介质中的微观渗流行为、去除污染物的过程和机理,以及纳米SiO₂颗粒对泡沫稳定性能的影响,制作了真实砂岩微观模型并利用硬脂酸钠对纳米SiO₂颗粒进行了改性以稳定泡沫.结果表明,泡沫在多孔介质中的生成、破灭和运移是同时发生的,其生成方式与注入气流速度有关,破灭与气体扩散有关,运移则是以大部分被孔道所捕集而少部分以气泡链的形式进行;泡沫去除污染物硝基苯的方式包括乳化增溶、剥离携带和封堵作用,其中封堵作用是主要方式;疏水改性的纳米SiO₂颗粒对泡沫的稳定性有极大的提升,添加的纳米颗粒浓度越大,稳定性越强;纳米SiO₂颗粒稳定的泡沫在模拟中迁移时仍具有较强的稳定性,随着泡沫注入体积的增大,注入压力及阻力因子增大,封堵效应增强.     

燃烧温度对柴油固体颗粒物形貌及氧化特性影响的试验研究

依据柴油机缸内的燃烧环境状态,采用TF-1200X管式炉,采集了柴油在不同温度条件下燃烧产生的颗粒物.应用扫描电镜SEM、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪,对不同燃烧温度下颗粒的平均粒径、计盒维数、元素质量分数、颗粒表面氧化活性等变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:燃烧温度介于523～623 K之间时,柴油燃烧形成的固体颗粒物主要由颗粒状焦组成,呈片状和珠串状,颗粒中的C元素质量分数随燃烧温度的增加而增加,颗粒着火温度、活化能随燃烧温度的增加而降低;燃烧温度大于723 K时,颗粒呈球状和团簇状,平均粒径随温度的增加而减小,颗粒的C元素质量分数、计盒维数及活化能随燃烧温度的增加而增加,颗粒着火温度随燃烧温度的增加呈上升趋势;柴油在523～923 K之间燃烧形成的颗粒物,随着热重氛围气中氧体积分数的增加,颗粒氧化放热速率增加,活化能变化不大.     

Coupling magnetic particles with flocculants to enhance demulsification and separation of waste cutting emulsion for engineering applications

Magnetic particles were coupled with a flocculant to enhance the demulsification and separation of waste cutting emulsions. The optimal magnetic particle size and critical magnetic field conditions were investigated to achieve large-scale engineering application of magnetic demulsification separation for waste cutting emulsion treatment. The micro-scale magnetic particles were found to show comparable effects to nano-scale magnetic particles on enhancing the demulsification and separation of cutting emulsions, which are beneficial for broadening the selectivity of low-cost magnetic particles. The critical magnetic separation region was determined to be an area 40 mm from the magnetic field source. Compared to the flocculant demulsification, the magnetic demulsification separation exhibited a significant advantage in accelerating flocs–water separation by decreasing the separation time of flocs from 180–240 min to less than 15 min, compressing the flocs by reducing the floc volume ratio from 60%–90% to lower than 20%, and showing excellent adaptability to the variable properties of waste cutting emulsions. Coupled with the design of the magnetic disk separator, continuous demulsification separation of the waste cutting emulsion was achieved at 1.0 t/hr for at least 10 hr to obtain clear effluent with 81% chemical oxygen demand removal and 89% turbidity reduction. This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying magnetic demulsification separation to large-scale continuous treatment of waste emulsion. Moreover, it addresses the flocs–water separation problems that occur in practical flocculant demulsification engineering applications.     

鹤壁市大气挥发性有机物源排放清单研究

采用排放系数法与“自下而上”的活动水平数据收集方法,建立了鹤壁市化石燃料固定燃烧源、工艺过程源、溶剂使用源、储存运输源、废弃物处理源等固定源、移动源、餐饮油烟和生物质燃烧等面源的VOCs排放清单.结果表明：鹤壁市2017年VOCs排放总量为8829.7t.其中,工艺过程源排放量最大（3052.5t）,占VOCs总排放量的32%;其次是移动源（2712.8t）和溶剂使用源（1447.1t）,分别占总排放量的29%和15%;从空间分布看,浚县的VOCs排放量最大（3444.0t）,其次为淇滨区（1519.4t）、山城区（1516.0t）、淇县（1103.8t）和鹤山区（1041.9t）;其中,机动车（1932.0t）、建材冶金（903.6t）、化学制品制造（829.6t）、橡塑（646.8t）等VOCs排放量较大.对比河南省省会郑州市、同为煤炭资源型城市焦作市,鹤壁市的VOCs排放总量是郑州市的1/11,焦作市的1/3.但鹤壁市单位面积的VOCs排放量较大,是郑州市的1/3,焦作市的1/2,且鹤壁市单位GDP的VOCs排放量与郑州市和焦作市非常接近.说明鹤壁市VOCs排放总量低,但排放强度较高,仍需要加大减排力度.根据本清单的研究结果,建议鹤壁市可着重加强工艺过程源和移动源的减排,重点减排区域为浚县、鹤山区和淇滨区的交汇地带,重点减排机动车、建材冶金、化学制品制造等;此外,还应关注橡塑、餐饮油烟、工业生物质锅炉等行业的VOCs排放.     

干气溶胶复折射率的参数化方案

基于成都市2017年10~12月WS600一体式气象站、AURORA-3000积分浊度计、AE-31黑碳仪以及GRIMM180环境颗粒物监测仪的地面逐时观测数据,结合Mie散射理论数值改进算法与免疫进化算法反演了550nm波长处干气溶胶复折射率（DACRI）的实部（n_re）和虚部（n_i）.通过分析DACRI反演结果与颗粒物质量浓度之比（BC/PM₁,BC/PM_2.5,BC/PM₁₀,PM₁/PM_2.5,PM₁/PM₁₀和PM_2.5/PM₁₀）之间的相关性,利用逐步线性回归方法分别构建了n_re和n_i的参数化方案. n_re和n_i的参数化方案拟合值与实测值之间的相关系数（R）分别为0.54和0.85（P<0.0001）,平均相对误差（MRE）分别为2.31%和15.18%.此外,利用该参数化方案计算的DACRI模拟了一次灰霾演化过程中干气溶胶的散射系数b_sp和吸收系数b_ap,其模拟值与实测值之间的相关系数分别为0.98和0.91（P<0.0001）,平均相对误差分别为7.43%和14.97%.