Water-soluble inorganic ions in airborne particulates from the nano to coarse mode: a case study of aerosol episodes in southern region of Taiwan

In 2004, airborne particulate matter (PM) was collected for several aerosol episodes occurring in the southern region of Taiwan. The particulate samples were taken using both a MOUDI (Micro-orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor) and a nano-MOUDI sampler. These particulate samples were analyzed for major water-soluble ionic species with an emphasis to characterize the mass concentrations and distributions of these ions in the ambient ultrafine (PM_0.1, diameter <0.1 μm) and nano mode (PM_nano, diameter <0.056 μm) particles. Particles collected at the sampling site (the Da-Liao station) on the whole exhibited a typical tri-modal size distribution on mass concentration. The mass concentration ratios of PM_nano/PM_2.5, PM_0.1/PM_2.5, and PM₁/PM_2.5 on average were 1.8, 2.9, and 71.0%, respectively. The peak mass concentration appeared in the submicron particle mode (0.1 μm < diameter <1.0 μm). Mass fractions (percentages) of the three major water-soluble ions (nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium) as a group in PM_nano, PM_0.1, PM₁, and PM_2.5 were 18.4, 21.7, 50.0, and 50.7%, respectively. Overall, results from this study supported the notion that secondary aerosols played a significant role in the formation of ambient submicron particulates (PM_0.1−1). Particles smaller than 0.1 μm were essentially basic, whereas those greater than 2.5 μm were neutral or slightly acidic. The neutralization ratio (NR) was close to unity for airborne particles with diameters ranging from 0.18 to 1 μm. The NRs of these airborne particles were found strongly correlated with their sizes, at least for samples taken during the aerosol episodes under study. Insofar as this study is exploratory in nature, as only a small number of particulate samples were used, there appears to be a need for further research into the chemical composition, source contribution, and formation of the nano and ultrafine mode airborne particulates.     

活性炭颗粒对超细颗粒物的过滤性能

UFPs(超细颗粒物)对人体危害较大且难以脱除,但活性炭颗粒床利用多孔结构可以提高其过滤效率. 为探究试验条件对UFPs过滤效率的影响以及活性炭孔隙结构和UFPs过滤效率之间的关系,以实验室发生UFPs为研究对象,活性炭为过滤介质,对活性炭颗粒粒径、滤层厚度以及表观风速等条件对过滤UFPs的影响进行了研究,并通过对比过滤前后活性炭的孔径分布,分析活性炭多孔性与UFPs的关系. 结果表明:当活性炭颗粒平均粒径由2.50 mm减至0.45 mm、滤层厚度由20 mm增至100 mm、表观过滤风速由4.25 cm/s降至0.84 cm/s时,总过滤效率分别由41.87%、49.39%、68.24%升至86.27%、89.29%、83.04%;但从活性炭的单颗粒过滤效率和过滤质量角度来看,在活性炭颗粒粒径大、滤层厚度小、表观过滤风速低的条件下,更有利于单个活性炭颗粒的过滤作用的发挥;当UFPs粒径小于14.3 nm时,UFPs发生“热反弹”效应,并且主要过滤机理是扩散效应,但随着UFPs粒径增大,拦截和惯性碰撞对过滤效率的作用增强;活性炭500 nm以下的孔隙结构对脱除UFPs起着重要作用. 研究显示,选择含有更多500 nm以下孔隙的多孔材料更有利于过滤UFPs.      

区域大气细粒子污染特征及快速来源解析

在广东大气超级站使用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(SPAMS)等仪器开展综合观测,2013年12月共监测到两个污染过程,主要的化学成分为元素碳(EC),占总颗粒数的56.8%,其次为有机碳(OC)和重金属(HM),分别占总颗粒数的12.7%和10.1%.两个污染过程中,不同颗粒类别的变化趋势有差异,说明两个污染过程的污染特征有所不同.污染来源分析发现,监测期间主要受到机动车尾气源和燃煤源的影响,二者分别占24.8%和22%;其次为工业工艺源和生物质燃烧,分别占16.4%和10.3%.第一个污染过程中,工业工艺源是首要污染源,而随着颗粒物浓度的增高,燃煤和二次无机气溶胶的比例明显增加,说明此污染过程中受一次污染源(燃煤源和工业工艺源)和二次光化学反应的复合影响.而第二个污染过程中,机动车尾气为首要污染源,其次是燃煤和工业工艺源,整个过程中各源的比例较为稳定,说明该次污染过程主要由不利气象条件导致的污染物累积形成.     

川西平原还田秸秆DOM对矿物细颗粒吸附SMX的影响

为探明还田秸秆溶解性有机质（DOM）对矿物细颗粒吸附磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）的影响机理,研究了矿物细颗粒吸附SMX的动力学过程以及DOM对此过程的影响,比较分析了矿物颗粒吸附前后的傅里叶变换红外光谱（FI-IR）特征.结果表明,SMX在矿物表面的吸附动力学过程符合双室一级动力学模型,表明其吸附过程存在多域吸附或多点位吸附;DOM作用下蒙脱石、钠长石和方解石的吸附量不同程度得到提升,其增量分别为28.94,28.34,2.40μg/g,而3种矿物的模型拟合度均有所降低.通过红外光谱分析,吸附后的蒙脱石较吸附前在波数3700、1600与1000cm^-1附近的尖锐吸收峰和在波数3600~3000cm^-1的宽吸收带明显减弱,而与DOM作用下波谱基本一致,DOM作用下吸附量的提升与蒙脱石溶出Al³⁺与DOM结合使得吸附位点增加有关;钠长石在吸附前后红外光谱一致,而DOM作用下在波数1013、781和460cm^-1处的吸收峰明显减弱,表明DOM被吸附于钠长石表面,通过共吸附或累积方式增加了吸附量;方解石在吸附前后以及DOM作用下红外光谱基本一致,说明DOM对方解石无影响,吸附的增量则源于DOM对SMX的结合.     

Adsorption behaviors of activated carbons for the exhaust from spray painting booths in vehicle surface coating

Adsorption performance of activated carbon adsorbers in the downstream duct of vehicle spray painting booths has been studied to understand whether fine paint particles in the off-gas would deteriorate the adsorption capacity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on activated carbons. Three forms of activated carbons were selected and their properties were determined using nitrogen adsorption analysis, the measurement of pH value and total ash content, energy dispersion spectrometer, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Results show that the adsorption capacity of activated carbon strongly depends upon its available specific surface area. When the total uptake on activated carbon approaches saturation, the vapors adsorbed would commence to get displaced by the paint particles gradually as time elapses and finally the uptake of vapors and paint particles reach equilibrium. Microporous carbons, in particular, were much more susceptible to paint particles. A Langmuir-type model for the uptake on activated carbons was suggested, which successfully described the adsorption behaviors of the off-gas released from vehicle spray painting booth.     

Advanced techniques in air pollution†

Specific usage of neutron activation analysis, charged particle analysis, y photons analysis, G.C.M.S. coupling, stable isotope dilution techniques, are discussed.

Dust collected on filters, oxygenated compounds in exhaust gases from car engines, nitrogen oxides, have thus been determined.

Special calibration methods for ozone, and remote detection by Lidar Raman are also described.     

Book review

Environmental Management, (3 Volumes) Editors B. Nath, L. Hens and D. Devuyst (Brussels, Vubpress: 1993. Approx. 890 Pp. Paperback) (£25 Per Volume) Isbn 90 5487 035 4-6

The Chemistry and Deposition of Nitrogen Species in the Troposphere, Editor A. T. Cocks, Publisher Royal Society of Chemistry, 1993, X + 134pp., Isbn 0 85186 355 8, Price £35.00.     

Investigating the potential for different scooter and car exhaust emissions to cause cytotoxic and (pro-)inflammatory responses to a 3D in vitro model of the human epithelial airway

The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity and the (pro-)inflammatory responses of two-stroke (direct injection and carburetor technology) and four-stroke scooter and diesel car exhaust emissions on lung cells in vitro. This was analyzed by exposing a 3D in vitro model of the epithelial airway (consisting of human bronchial epithelial cells (cell line 16HBE14o^?) combined with human whole blood monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells) to physically characterized exhaust emissions. Biological endpoints of cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and inflammatory chemokine (interleukin(IL)-8) stimulation were examined. Two-stroke direct injection scooter exhaust contained the highest particle number concentration and nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) concentrations and the emissions from the two-stroke carburetor scooter contained the highest hydrocarbon and lowest NO _x concentrations. The four-stroke scooter emitted the highest carbon monoxide concentration whereas the cars emitted the lowest. The combination of various technical optimizations for the two-stroke direct injection scooter (particle filter, oxidative catalyst, better oil and fuel) reduced the total emissions strongly and the TNF-α concentration significantly (p?相似文献   

燃煤PM2.5不同组分对血管内皮细胞的氧化损伤效应

为了解细颗粒物不同组分在心血管系统损伤中的毒性机制,以大同散煤为样品煤,提取燃煤PM2.5全颗粒物、无机组分及有机组分,分别对人脐静脉内皮细胞EA.hy926进行染毒,采用超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)及丙二醛(MDA)指标检测PM2.5不同组分对EA.hy926细胞氧化损伤程度的影响.结果表明,燃煤PM2.5各组分对EA.hy926细胞染毒24h后,随着染毒剂量的增加,细胞上清液中SOD活力均下降,与对照组相比差异显著,而相同剂量组比较,其抑制SOD活力能力依次为:有机组分>无机组分>全颗粒物,且相同剂量组不同组分间的比较均有统计学差异;GSH-Px活力均下降,具有剂量依赖性,引起GSH-Px活力下降程度基本具有无机组分>有机组分>全颗粒物的趋势,但统计学意义不显著;MDA含量分别有不同程度的增加,各组分所致的MDA含量大小存在低剂量组有机组分>全颗粒物>无机组分,高剂量组全颗粒物>无机组分>有机组分趋势,随着剂量增加,全颗粒物和无机组分引起MDA含量明显增加,而有机组分则变化趋于平缓.可见,燃煤PM2.5不同组分均对血管内皮细胞EA.hy926氧化损伤作用明显,SOD 、GSH-PX等抗氧化酶的活性降低.     

三维电极处理氨氮废水的电化学反应特性

采用无短路电流的电极粒子串作为三维电极的填充材料,以更好地揭示其电化学反应特性.研究证实在电化学反应过程中涉及到两个阶段,80min前氨氮的去除机理主要是与在粒子电极阴极端产生的羟基自由基发生电氧化反应,80min后少量的中归反应起到协同作用,从而达到更佳的去除效果.实验结果还说明随着槽电压的增大,氨氮去除率不断增大;当电压为25V,pH值为10的情况下得到较大的去除率.