成果管理的政策导向刍议

从成果管理的政策导向必须是领导行为、成果管理的政策导向作用必须贯穿于管理的全过程、成果管理的政策导向作用是成果管理的原动力等方面探讨了成果管理的导向问题，从而提出了成果管理导向的参考做法。     

地球系统工程与区域环境问题调控的原则

论述了地球系统科学和工程研究的发展历史、研究对象和方法,及其在解决全球性环境危机中的作用;阐述了提高共识、言行一致、保护全球公共资源、实现可持续性目标等地球系统工程的基本原则. 论述了区域性与地球系统环境问题间的关系,提出区域环境问题调控的4条基本原则:系统性调控、区际公平、多方合作、综合手段和共同约束. 指出应注重应用地球系统科学与工程的理论与方法解决区域环境与生态问题;应深入探讨地球系统及区域环境与生态压力在中国现阶段的特征,统筹全局与长远调控区域环境问题;应开展长期连续观测和信息共享,创新调控全球与区域环境与生态的技术、方法.      

Assessment of GM Crops in Commercial Agriculture

The caliber of recent discourse regarding geneticallymodified organisms (GMOs) has suffered from a lack of consensuson terminology, from the scarcity of evidence upon which toassess risk to health and to the environment, and from valuedifferences between proponents and opponents of GMOs. Towardsaddressing these issues, we present the thesis that GM should bedefined as the forcible insertion of DNA into a host genome,irrespective of the source of the DNA, and exclusive ofconventional or mutation breeding.Some defenders of the commercial use of GMOs have referred to thescientific work of GMO critics as ``junk science.' Such a claim isfalse and misleading, given that many papers critical of both theutility and safety of GMOs have been published in peer reviewedjournals by respected scientists. In contrast, there is a dearthof peer reviewed work to substantiate the frequently heardassertions of either safety or utility in GMOs. The polarity,which now characterizes much of the public discourse on GMOs,reflects not simply scientific disagreement, but alsodisagreement in underlying value assumptions. Value differencesstrongly affect the assessment of both benefit and harm fromGMOs.The concept of substantial equivalence occupies a pivotalposition in the GMO risk assessment process that is used in bothCanada and the US. A GMO judged to be substantially equivalent toa conventional product – as have all submissions to date – ispresumed to be safe enough for commercialization. The conclusionof safety – from both human health and environmental perspectives– should be based on scientific evidence, corroborated by actualexperimentation. However, regulators infer safety largely fromassumptions-based reasoning, with little or no experimentalvalidation. The judgement of safety because of substantialequivalence is a dubious argument by analogy.     

Forging New Directions in Science and Environmental Politics and Policy: How Can Co-operation, Deliberation and Decision be Brought Together?

Science, politics and environmental policy have for several years been encountering social and institutional as well as scientific challenges, national and international. The normative basis of all sciences is pressurised from three sides: by awareness of the public, who claims more transparency and sensibility from the scientific institutions regarding factual or possible impacts of science-based industrial progress; by the industries, which try to speed up and intensify the industrialisation of knowledge; and by the public policies, which want to see the sciences engaged in ways to mitigate unintended consequences of economic, ecological and social developments. At the same time, environmental policy is undergoing a tremendous sea change both in conceptual and practical matters. Since the Brundtland Report in 1987 and accelerated after UNCED 1992, environmental policy has been struggling to become a groundbreaking new paradigm for the capacity of resolving social and political issues as well. Any successful attempt to alter traditional institutional and mental structures in policy-making toward sustainability presupposes a renewed association of co-operation, deliberation and decision making. Results from theory of democracy, studies in science and technology, and evaluation studies in environmental policy and politics can be utilised for this context.     

迈向21世纪的锅炉、压力容器、压力管道和特种设备安全科学技术

保护环境、发展经济关系到人类的前途和命运 ,是当今国际社会十分关注的重大问题。在我国 ,人们生产、生活中的安全问题是实现保护环境与发展经济的过程中需要研究解决的热点、难点问题。锅炉、压力容器、压力管道和特种设备涉及到社会生产和人民生活的各个方面 ,其安全及可靠性问题受到国家和各级政府的高度重视 ,因此 ,在市场经济发展的新形势下 ,如何有效地治理危险或危害设施、场所 ,最大限度地扼制并减少伤亡事故 ,是锅炉、压力容器、压力管道和特种设备安全科学技术需要认真解决的重要课题。     

火灾科学中计算机模拟的新进展

本文主要讨论了火灾计算机模拟的三种新的数值模型，即场区模型、场区网模型及综合模型；并运用此三种模型分别对三种情形下发生的火灾进行了计算机模拟，结果表明此三种模型是可行的。     

从静态的断面分析到动态的过程评价——兼论资源流动的研究内容与方法

论文在简要回顾我国资源科学发展阶段及其特点的基础上,从生态学思想对资源科学研究的影响出发,认为随着经济社会的快速发展,资源开发利用过程及其效应问题将是今后相当长一段时间资源科学研究的重要领域和方向。只有深入研究资源在经济社会系统中的生命周期,才能清楚认识资源与经济、社会、环境的关系机理,才能为国家或区域资源可持续利用提供更加科学的理论依据。据此,提出了资源流动的概念,阐述了资源流动的内涵与研究方法,并以木材资源、玉米资源为例进行了说明。从某种意义上说,我国资源科学仍然处于一种静态的状态研究阶段,研究内容主要包括以资源开发利用为目的的资源认识和资源评价研究,和以协调人-资源关系为目的的人口、资源、环境可持续发展研究。现代资源科学吸收了生态学、特别是生态系统的理论和方法,将资源视为由不同学科、不同区域、不同部门的网式结构和从开发利用到最终消费的链式结构的复合系统,通过资源流动分析,将有助于揭示资源开发利用及其效应的动态过程机制。     

国家科技发展规划与中国的资源科学

国家先后编制了七次科技发展规划,资源科学研究也从最初的自然资源综合考察发展成了一门综合性交叉学科。其中以《1956-1967年科学技术发展远景规划》和《1978-1985年全国科学技术发展规划纲要》,对资源科学的形成与发展影响最大。前者推动了中国自然资源综合考察事业的形成与发展,后者促进了中国资源科学考察事业的发展与壮大,进而推动了资源科学的形成与发展。全文在回顾与展望国家科技发展规划与中国资源科学发展的基础上,提出了新世纪初期国家中长期科学技术发展规划有关资源科学发展的3条建议。     

资源学的学科属性及定位问题讨论

资源学属于应用理学,以地球科学、生物学、天文学为其学科理论基础。资源学、环境学、生态学是同一层次的学科。资源经济学建立在资源学和理论经济学基础之上。     

Volunteer Macroinvertebrate Monitoring: Tensions Among Group Goals,Data Quality,and Outcomes

Volunteer monitoring of natural resources is promoted for its ability to increase public awareness, to provide valuable knowledge, and to encourage policy change that promotes ecosystem health. We used the case of volunteer macroinvertebrate monitoring (VMM) in streams to investigate whether the quality of data collected is correlated with data use and organizers' perception of whether they have achieved these outcomes. We examined the relation between site and group characteristics, data quality, data use, and perceived outcomes (education, social capital, and policy change). We found that group size and the degree to which citizen groups perform tasks on their own (rather than aided by professionals) positively correlated with the quality of data collected. Group size and number of years monitoring positively influenced whether a group used their data. While one might expect that groups committed to collecting good-quality data would be more likely to use it, there was no relation between data quality and data use, and no relation between data quality and perceived outcomes. More data use was, however, correlated with a group's feeling of connection to a network of engaged citizens and professionals. While VMM may hold promise for bringing citizens and scientists together to work on joint conservation agendas, our data illustrate that data quality does not correlate with a volunteer group's desire to use their data to promote regulatory change. Therefore, we encourage scientists and citizens alike to recognize this potential disconnect and strive to be explicit about the role of data in conservation efforts.