马来眼子菜群丛对太湖不同湖区沉积物磷形态的影响

采用磷分级提取的方法对太湖贡湖湾、南部湖区马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)群落内外的沉积物样品进行了采集和分析,调查了沉积物中的不同形态磷的垂直分布状况,研究马来眼子菜群落对沉积物磷迁移转化的影响.结果表明:植物群丛对沉积物铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)的影响在贡湖湾和南太湖表现不同.贡湖湾马来眼子菜群丛内部沉积物Fe/Al-P高于群落外部的27.6%,差异性显著(P<0.05);南太湖马来眼子菜群丛内部沉积物中Fe/Al-P均值低于群丛外部的47.4%,差异性显著(P<0.05).植物群丛对沉积物有机磷(OP)的影响在贡湖湾和南太湖表现相似,两湖区植物群丛外部沉积物中OP含量均值高于群落内部.马来眼子菜群丛对贡湖湾和南太湖沉积物中Ca-P有较明显的影响,植物的影响主要体现在表层0~15cm范围内,贡湖湾湖区沉积物Fe/Al-P和OP含量较高,在植物的影响下转化为Ca-P,因此Ca-P在表层沉积物中呈上升趋势;南太湖沉积物中Ca-P含量较高,在植物影响下Ca-P有一定量的释放,因此Ca-P在表层沉积物中呈下降趋势.     

Photosynthetic and growth responses of Japanese sasabamo (Potamogeton wrightii Morong) under different photoperiods and nutrient conditions

Controlled laboratory experiments were conducted to examine how photosynthesis and growth occur in Potamogeton wrightii Morong under different photoperiods and nutrient conditions. The experiment was based on a 3×2 factorial design with three photoperiods (16, 12 and 8 h) of 200 μE · m^?2·s^?1 irradiance and two nutrient conditions, high (90 μmol N · L^?1·d^?1 and 9 μmol P · L^?1·d^?1) and low (30 μmol N L^?1·d^?1 and 3 μmol P · L^?1·d^?1). After 14, 28, 56 and 70 days of growth, plants were harvested to determine net photosynthesis rate and various growth parameters. Above- and below-ground biomass were investigated on days 56 and 70 only. Plants under low nutrient conditions had greater leaf area, more chlorophyll a, a higher rate of net photosynthesis and accumulated more above- and below-ground biomass than plants in the high nutrient condition. Plants with an 8 h photoperiod in the low nutrient condition had a significantly higher rate of net photosynthesis, whereas 8 h photoperiod plants in the high nutrient condition had a lower rate of net photosynthesis and their photosynthetic capacity collapsed on day 70. We conclude that P. wrightii has the photosynthetic plasticity to overcome the effects of a shorter photoperiod under a tolerable nutrient state.     

有机氯农药在海河干流水体和菹草中的浓度分布

于2008年3月29日—5月25日对海河干流水体和菹草中的有机氯农药(OCPs)——六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的分布进行了采样调查. 结果表明,水体中ρ(HCHs)和ρ(DDTs)分别为3.95～20.15和6.88～35.23 ng/L,平均值为11.11和15.34 ng/L;菹草中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)分别为2.17～7.82和1.40～22.80 ng/g,平均值分别为4.49和7.79 ng/g,菹草生长旺盛期的w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)最高,其变化主要受水体中ρ(HCHs)和ρ(DDTs)的影响;菹草生长旺盛期HCHs和DDTs的PCF值最高;菹草中HCHs的主要成分为γ-HCH,而水体中为β-HCH;DDT是水体和菹草中DDTs的主要成分,但菹草中DDT的相对含量明显低于水体,与水体相比,DDT在菹草中能进一步被降解,且以好氧降解为主.      

冬季降温对菹草叶片光合荧光特性的影响

将菹草(Potamogeton cripus)石芽种植于室外水体中,萌发后选择发育程度相近的幼苗,在冬季降温期间利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)测定幼苗叶片的FV/Fm和光响应恢复曲线.结果表明,在冬季水温低于7℃的条件下菹草叶片FV/Fm显著降低(P<0.01).水温回复到9～10℃后,FV/Fm逐渐增大;光强的降低有利于FV/Fm的恢复.进一步研究植株的光响应恢复曲线发现,第4-10天,水温<7℃,菹草叶片有效荧光产量(ΔFV'/Fm)的光响应能力和暗恢复能力显著下降;同时,热耗散能力和暗恢复能力也显著降低,发生光抑制的可能性增大.当水温升高到9～10℃时,ΔFV/Fm和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)随光强降低和实验天数的增加逐渐得到恢复.因而,水温9～10℃可能是冬季菹草进行正常光合作用的临界温度;菹草在低温(<7℃)、高光照条件下易发生光抑制,导致PSII受到伤害.     

冬季菹草对悬浮泥沙的影响

利用冬季沉水植物菹草构建由浅水到深水的串联系统,含沙水依次流经浅水区和深水区,测定各级菹草对水体悬浮泥沙含量和沉降量的影响.结果显示,菹草系统可以降低水体中悬浮泥沙含量,并随水力停留时间延长而降低程度加大.各运行条件下,菹草系统悬浮泥沙平均沉降量65.7 g·m-2,比对照组高39.4%.菹草表面泥沙的吸附是一个"吸附-沉降-再吸附" 的动态过程,吸附量为3.26～5.69 g·kg-1.菹草对冬季水生态系统的自净功能起着十分重要的作用.     

底泥厌氧环境和光照对菹草萌发和幼苗生理的影响

通过向底泥中投加不同量的蔗糖使其发生厌氧反应以模拟不同程度的底泥厌氧环境，研究这种环境和光照强度对菹草石芽萌发和幼苗生理作用的影响。实验结果表明，底泥厌氧环境能显著降低菹草石芽的最终萌发率，且低光照会加剧这种趋势；尽管低光照不一定会提高最终的萌发率，但对提早石芽的萌发是有利的。在01%蔗糖投加处理中，幼苗的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量最高(平均为250和1928 mg/g FW)，其后随投加量的升高而降低，而游离氨基酸的含量却一直呈上升趋势，最高时达到024 mg/g FW ，但低光照却使它下降；可溶性糖含量基本不受底泥厌氧水平的影响，但随着光照减少而降低。随着厌氧水平的增加（从对照到05%蔗糖投加量），菹草的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现上升趋势，但在10%蔗糖投加处理中活性降至最低；而过氧化物酶(POD)活性一直处于下降趋势。研究结论是：底泥厌氧对菹草石芽萌发影响显著，这种影响可能比低光照的限制作用还要重要。轻度的厌氧环境反而能促进菹草幼苗的生理代谢，但随厌氧水平的升高对碳氮平衡和其它生理活动产生不利影响。此外，底泥厌氧环境对菹草幼苗的抗氧化系统也有明显刺激作用。     

氨氮浓度及基质对附着藻类群落组成的影响

为了了解水体富营养化过程中附着藻类群落演替规律,本文设置了0.5、1.5、2.5、5、10 mg·L-15组氨氮浓度,利用显微计数法研究了5组氨氮浓度下菹草和载玻片上附着藻类群落组成.结果表明,将相同群落组成的附着藻类接种到不同氨氮浓度下进行培养,在低浓度氨氮条件下附着藻类群落以硅藻门的舟行藻、异极藻以及蓝藻门的色球藻为优势藻,在氨氮浓度较高时则以硅藻门的舟行藻和异极藻以及绿藻门的纤维藻为优势属;在相同氨氮浓度下,基质性质影响附着藻类优势种群个数,载玻片基质上附着藻类优势种群数量小于菹草上的种群数量,但当氨氮浓度较高时,基质不仅影响附着藻类优势种群个数而且还影响附着藻类优势种,载玻片上绿藻门的毛枝藻(65%)的丰度远远超过附着在菹草上毛枝藻(1%).表明氨氮浓度及基质种类影响附着藻类优势种群组成.     

菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质及植物生长的影响

通过室内实验模拟沉水植物季相交替过程,分析菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质变化影响,探讨菹草不同残体量腐解对金鱼藻生长的影响.结果表明,不同残体量条件下,金鱼藻均能将水体营养盐及有机质保持在相对较低水平,且实验第29 d后基本保持稳定,其中DTN0.514 mg·L-1,TN0.559 mg·L-1,TP0.080 mg·L-1,DTP0.014 mg·L-1,TOC13.94mg·L-1,Chl-a26.546 mg·L-1,菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质的改善效果明显,其中在20 g残体条件下处理效果较好,对水体TN、DTN、TP、TOC和Chl-a的去除率分别达到89.67%、52.51%、94.99%、55.59%和98.55%;不同残体量条件下金鱼藻的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛含量均比初始值增加,残体释放的营养盐促进了金鱼藻生长,在20 g残体条件下其对金鱼藻生长的促进作用最好.结果表明在水体含有20 g残体条件下,菹草腐解-金鱼藻生长耦合作用对水质的改善及植物生长的促进效果最显著.     

底质营养盐对菹草生长及养分分配的影响

在野外池塘中,利用3种不同营养状况的底质研究底质营养盐对菹草生长及养分分配的影响,结果表明：沉水植物菹草面对底质营养盐的胁迫出现了急性的生理生化反应,在生长初期叶片总的可溶性糖含量在肥沃的底质上高于贫营养底质上;根、茎、叶和石芽各构件都具有异速生长现象,并且表现规律不一样;菹草的根冠比随底质营养盐的不同而变化;随着营养条件对菹草生长胁迫加重,根、冠的异速生长愈明显,同时石芽的N∶P和C∶N比率显著受底质营养盐的影响,而菹草叶片和茎N∶P和C∶N比率不受底质肥力的影响,这些响应将改变石芽第2年的命运和影响种群的维持;在胁迫生境下,菹草首先分配资源到无性繁殖体--石芽上以便维持种群的延续,以回避策略应对底质营养盐胁迫。     

Phosphorus removal from sediments by Potamogeton crispus: New high-resolution in-situ evidence for rhizosphere assimilation and oxidization-induced retention

Macrophytes are usually chosen for phytoremediation tools to remove P in eutrophic aquatic ecosystems, but the lack of test methods hinders the understanding of removal mechanism and application. In this study, we used the novel technologies combined of Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), Planar optode (PO), and Non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) to explore P dynamics in water-sediment continuum and rhizosphere of Potamogeton crispus over time. Results of the high-resolution in situ measurement showed that labile P(LP_DGT) fluxes at the surficial sediment significantly decreased from approximate 120, 140, and 200 pg/ (cm²?sec) via 30 days incubation period to 17, 40, and 56 pg/(cm²?sec) via that of 15 days. Obvious synchronous increase of LP_DGT was not detected in overlying water, suggesting the intense assimilation of dissolve reactive P via root over time. PO measurement indicated that O₂ concentration around the rhizosphere remarkably increased and radially diffused into deeper sediment until 100% saturation along with the root stretch downwards. NMT detection of roots showed the obvious O₂ inflow into root tissue with the uppermost flux of 30 pmol/(cm²?sec) from surroundings via aerenchyma on different treatment conditions. Different from previous reports, gradually saturating O₂ concentrations around the rhizosphere was principally driven by O₂ penetration through interspace attributing to root stretch downward rather than root O₂ leakage. Increased O₂ concentrations in deep sediment over time finally induced the oxidization of labile Fe(II) into Fe(III) bound P and local P immobilization.