过硫酸钾脱除气态元素汞的试验研究

在鼓泡塔反应器中,用过硫酸钾(K2S2O8)脱除气态元素汞.试验考察了K2S2O8浓度、吸收温度及催化剂等因素对脱汞效率的影响.结果表明:当K2S2O8在1.0～10.0 mmol/L时,随着浓度的增加,脱汞效率显著升高;AgNO3对K2S2O8脱汞具有显著的催化作用,且0.3 mmol/L AgNO3的催化效果优于0.1 mmol/L AgNO3;CuSO4对K2S2O8除汞也具有催化作用,但催化效果不如AgNO3;AgNO3存在下,低温更有利于汞的脱除.     

Distribution and ratios of Cs and K in control and K-treated coconut trees at Bikini Island where nuclear test fallout occurred: effects and implications

Coconut trees growing on atolls of the Bikini Islands are on the margin of K deficiency because the concentration of exchangeable K in coral soil is very low, ranging from only 20 to 80 mg kg⁻¹. When provided with additional K, coconut trees absorb large quantities of K and this uptake of K significantly alters the patterns of distribution of ¹³⁷Cs within the plant. Following a single K fertilization event, mean total K in trunks of K-treated trees is 5.6 times greater than in trunks of control trees. In contrast, ¹³⁷Cs concentration in trunks of K-treated and control trees is statistically the same while ¹³⁷Cs is significantly lower in edible fruits of K-treated trees. Within one year after fertilization (one rainy season), K concentration in soil is back to naturally low concentrations. However, the tissue concentrations of K in treated trees stays very high internally in the trees for years while ¹³⁷Cs concentration in treated trees remains very low in all tree compartments except for the trunk. Potassium fertilization did not change soil Cs availability.     

Characteristics of cesium accumulation in the filamentous soil bacterium Streptomyces sp. K202

A filamentous soil bacterium, strain K202, was isolated from soil where an edible mushroom (Boletopsis leucomelas) was growing and identified as belonging to the genus Streptomyces on the basis of its morphological characteristics and the presence of LL-2, 6-diaminopimelic acid. We studied the existence states of Cs and its migration from extracellular to intracellular fluid in the mycelia of Streptomyces sp. K202. The results indicated that Cs accumulated in the cells through at least 2 steps: in the first step, Cs⁺ was immediately and non-specifically adsorbed on the negatively charged cell surface, and in the second step, this adsorbed Cs⁺ was taken up into the cytoplasm, and a part of the Cs entering the cytoplasm was taken up by an energy-dependent transport system(s). Further, we confirmed that a part of the Cs⁺ was taken up into the mycelia competitively with K⁺, because K⁺ uptake into the intact mycelia of the strain was significantly inhibited by the presence of Cs⁺ in the culture media. This suggested that part of the Cs is transported by the potassium transport system. Moreover, ¹³³Cs-NMR spectra and SEM-EDX spectra of the mycelia that accumulated Cs showed the presence of at least 2 intracellular Cs states: Cs⁺ trapped by intercellular materials such as polyphosphate and Cs⁺ present in a cytoplasmic pool.     

Long-term effects of single potassium fertilization on 137Cs levels in plants and fungi in a boreal forest ecosystem

We examined the long-term effects of a single application of potassium (K) fertilizer (100 kg K ha⁻¹) in 1992 on ¹³⁷Cs uptake in a forest ecosystem in central Sweden. ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations were determined in three low-growing perennial shrubs, heather (Calluna vulgaris), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), and in four wild fungal species (Cortinarius semisanguineus, Lactarius rufus, Rozites caperata and Suillus variegatus). Uptake of ¹³⁷Cs by plants and fungi growing on K-fertilized plots 17 years after application of the K fertilizer was significantly lower than in corresponding species growing in a non-fertilized control area. The ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration was 21-58% lower in fungal sporocarps and 40-61% lower in plants in the K-fertilized area compared with the control. Over the study period, this decrease in ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration was more consistent in plants than in fungi, although the effect was statistically significant and strongly pronounced in all species. The effect of K fertilization in reducing ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in fungi and plants decreased over time but was still significant in 2009, 17 years after fertilization. This suggests that application of K fertilizer to forests is an appropriate and effective long-term measure to decrease radiocaesium accumulation in plants and fungi.     

Impact of chemical oxidation on soil quality

Oxidation treatment helps to reduce the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) load in contaminated soils but it may also have an effect on the soil quality. The impact of permanganate and Fenton oxidation on soil quality is investigated. Soil quality is restricted here to the potential for plant growth. Soil samples were collected from an agricultural field (S1) and a former coking plant (S4). Agricultural soil was spiked with phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) at two concentrations (S2: 700 mg PHE kg⁻¹, S3: 700 mg PHE kg⁻¹ and 2100 mg PYR kg⁻¹). Soils were treated with both oxidation processes, and analyzed for PAHs and a set of agronomic parameters. A plant germination and growth test was run with rye-grass on treated soils. Results showed that both treatments produced the expected reduction of PAH concentration (from 64% to 97%). Besides, a significant loss of organic C and N, and strong changes in available nutrients were observed. Permanganate treatment increased the specific surface area and the cation exchange capacity in relation to manganese dioxide precipitation, and produced a rise in pH. Fenton oxidation decreased soil pH and increased the water retention capacity. Plant growth was negatively affected by permanganate, related to lower soil permeability and aeration. Both treatments had an effect on soil properties but Fenton oxidation appeared to be more compatible with revegetation.     

以过硫酸钾为氧化剂测定水中挥发酚

以过硫酸钾代替铁氰化钾作氧化剂 ,在pH 1 0± 0 2溶液中 ,用 4-氨基安替比林萃取法比色测定低浓度挥发酚 ,于 460nm处有最大吸收峰 ,在 0 μg/2 50mL～ 1 5μg/2 50mL范围内符合比尔定律。 4次校准曲线相关系数为 0 9999～ 0 9994。相对标准偏差为 0 2 % ,回收率为 91 %～ 97%。显色反应的选择性、稳定性、重现性和准确性均较好。氧化剂较稳定 ,易保存、无毒性。     

铁盐沉淀-絮凝法处理矿山低浓度含砷废水

采用铁盐沉淀-絮凝法处理某矿山低浓度含砷废水,研究了沉淀剂种类、铁与砷的摩尔比(铁砷比)、砷的价态、反应pH以及添加高分子絮凝剂对除砷效果的影响。与其他铁盐沉淀剂(聚合硫酸铁、氯化铁)相比,高铁酸钾具有优异的除砷性能。铁盐对砷(Ⅲ)的去除率明显低于砷(Ⅴ)。砷去除率随铁砷比的增大而提高。反应pH对除砷效果影响显著。以高铁酸钾为砷沉淀剂,在铁砷比为12∶1、反应pH为5~7、聚丙烯酰胺投加量为0.5~1.0 mg/L的最适条件下,废水的砷去除率达98%以上。处理后出水中砷质量浓度低于0.05 mg/L,达到GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅲ类水质标准。     

改性粉煤灰和高铁酸钾联合处理矿井水的研究

利用高铁酸钾处理经过改性粉煤灰混凝后的矿井水,形成改性粉煤灰和高铁酸钾联合处理矿井水工艺。研究表明,粉煤灰在使用硫酸改性前后,在投加量为50 g/L,对去除矿井水中浊度的变化是53.18～25.42 NTU,对COD_(Mn)的去除效率也由29%升高到50%;在改性粉煤灰中混入高铁酸钾5 mg/L时,矿井水中浊度和悬浮物分别降到18.3 NTU和10 mg/L,COD_(Mn)去除率为53.23%;此后,上清液中投加高铁酸钾10 mg/L时,水中的浊度由18.3 NTU降到5.1 NTU,悬浮物由10 mg/L降到3 mg/L,COD_(Mn)的总去除率也增加到68.88%。在使用该工艺进行小试时,改性粉煤灰用量为50 g/L,并在其中掺杂高铁酸钾5 mg/L,上清液再用10 mg/L的高铁酸钾处理后,出水水质都优于地表水环境质量Ⅳ级标准。     

Effect of potassium and phosphorus on the transport of radiocesium by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Potassium, a chemical analogue of cesium, and phosphorus, an essential macronutrient transported by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), have been suggested to influence the transport of radiocesium by AMF. However, no study investigated the effects of increasing concentrations of both elements on the importance of this transport. Here, the arbuscular mycorrhizal-plant (AM-P) in vitro culture system associating Medicago truncatula plantlets with Glomus intraradices was used to evaluate this effect.Using three concentrations of K (0, 1, 10 mM) and two concentrations of P (30 and 3000 μM) added to a compartment only accessible to the AMF, we demonstrated that K and P individually and in combination significantly influenced radiocesium transport by AMF. Whilst increased concentration of K decreased the amount of radiocesium transported, the opposite was observed for P. Although the exact mechanisms involved need to be assessed, both elements were identified as important factors influencing the transport of radiocesium by AMF.     

碱性过硫酸钾消解测定城市污泥中总氮

城市污水处理厂污泥经风干粉碎后，用碱性过硫酸钾溶液在高压器皿中于124℃消解，取上清液以紫外分光光度法测定总氮。对11个污泥样品测定，相对标准差≤1．5％精密度较好。并用L-谷氨酸标准物加入11个溶液样品中作回收试验，回收率在94％～107％之间，准确度亦较好。