Transformation and migration of phosphorus in excess sludge reduction pretreatment by alkaline ferrate oxidation combined with anaerobic digestion

Recently,more and more attention has been paid to the strong oxidation ability of newly prepared potassium ferrate(NAPF) in sludge reduction process,but less attention has been paid to the change of phosphorus in this process.The feasibility of phosphorus migration and transformation during excess sludge reduction pretre atment using NAPF pre-oxidation combined with anaerobic digestion was investigated.After 70 mg/g suspended solids NAPF pretreatment and 16 days anaerobic digestion,the solid-phase volatile suspended solids decreased by 44.2%,and much organic matter had been released into the liquid-phase and then degraded during digestion by indigenous microorganisms.As the sludge pre-oxidation process was performed,solid-phase organic phosphorus and chemically combined phosphorus also released into the liquid-phase as PO_4~(3-),peaking at 100 mg/L.During anaerobic digestion,the Fe~(3+)in the liquid-phase was gradually reduced to Fe~(2+),and then formed Fe~(2+)-PO_4~(3-) compound crystals and re-migrated to the solid-phase.The concentration of PO_4~(3-) decreased to 17.08± 1.1 mg/L in the liquid-phase after anaerobic digestion.Finally,the phosphorus in the Fe~(2+)-PO_4~(3-) compound accounts for 80% of the total phosphorus in the solid-phase.A large number of vivianite crystals in sludge were observed.Therefore,this technology not only effectively reduces sludge,but also increases the proportion of PO_4~(3-)in the sludge in the form of Vivianite.     

K2FeO4氧化降解3,4－二甲基苯胺的机理研究

以3,4－二甲基苯胺为目标污染物,高铁酸钾（K₂FeO₄）为氧化剂,考察催化氧化过程中的表观动力学及反应机制,确定高铁酸钾降解3,4 －二甲基苯胺的表观动力学方程为：r=0.0043C_A^0.486C_B^1.2477,反应级数为1.7337,符合准二级动力学方程.同时通过GC/MS技术,分析降解过程的中间产物,推测在高铁酸钾的作用下,3,4－二甲基苯胺先转变成2,4－二甲基苯胺,然后苯环上的氨基及甲基先后被氧化,生成4－硝基间苯二甲酸,再发生脱羧反应,生成硝基苯,硝基苯被高铁酸钾进一步攻击,生成苯环正离子,其后开环生成一系列小分子烃类物质,这些物质继续被氧化,最终生成二氧化碳与水.推测该氧化还原过程的控制反应为两步：第一步,高铁酸钾攻击3,4－二甲基苯胺苯环上的侧链;第二步为苯环的开环反应.此降解过程主要包括表面络合催化与界面催化两种反应机制.     

谈高锰酸盐指数的计算

通过实验证明 ,测定高锰酸盐指数时 ,空白实验的试剂空白值不完全是因蒸馏水中的还原物质消耗高锰酸钾造成的 ,提出应对《水和废水监测分析方法》(第三版 )中的有关计算公式进行修改。     

Fe(Ⅵ)/Na2SO3体系降解阿特拉津效能

利用高铁酸钾活化亚硫酸钠(Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系),探究其对阿特拉津(ATZ)的降解效能;鉴别了反应体系主要活性组分,并考察了Na₂SO₃投加量、反应溶液pH值和水质背景成分对ATZ降解效能的影响.结果表明:当Fe(VI)和Na₂SO₃的投加量分别为50和200μmol/L时,反应10s后Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的降解效能达到74.4%,单独Fe(VI)(50μmol/L)和单独Na₂SO₃(200μmol/L)对ATZ的去除率仅为10.2%和7.5%.探针化合物和溶解氧作用等实验证实体系中主要的活性基团为SO₄^·-.在pH=8,Fe(VI)投加量为50μmol/L时,随着Na₂SO₃投加量的增大,Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的去除效率先增大后减小,其中最佳Na₂SO₃投加量为150~200μmol/L.Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系在pH 7~10的范围内,均可以快速降解ATZ.在天然水体中,Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系也可以高效降解ATZ,但是水质背景成分会竞争消耗SO₄^·-,导致Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的降解效能降低.     

地表水中高锰酸盐指数分析的质量控制

为了提高高锰酸盐指数项目测定的准确性,通过实验分析,从高锰酸钾的校正系数、蒸馏水空白值、水浴的温度、加热的时间、样品酸度、滴定的过程、滴定终点的判断等因素加以分析,找出其影响测定结果的原因。实验操作中,应注重上述因素的质量控制,以提高测试的准确性。     

高铁酸钾制备影响因素的实验研究

文章介绍了湿法制备高铁酸钾的工艺,研究了次氯酸盐浓度、氧化反应温度、铁盐原料选择、洗涤所用溶剂种类等对高铁酸钾纯度和产率的影响。实验表明在制备次氯酸盐溶液时用冰水浴反应温度控制为20℃,选用37.5%的KOH溶液,可制得ClO-质量分数为123.5 g/L的饱和次氯酸钾溶液。实验还表明制备高铁酸钾的最佳反应时间为45 min,硝酸铁投加量为化学计量的80%时,可得到纯度为80%～90%、产率为71%的高铁酸钾固体产物。通过实验提出在0℃饱和的氢氧化钾溶液中不断搅拌,高铁酸钾晶体可以充分析出。     

高铁氧化去除饮用水中邻氯苯酚的研究

采用自制的固体高铁酸钾作为氧化剂，研究高铁对水中微量邻氯苯酚的去除效果及主要影响因素。结果表明，当水中邻氯苯酚的含量为4mg/L时，加入60mg/L的K2FeO4氧化处理10min，对邻氯苯酚的去除率可达99．3％。取得高铁酸钾对邻氯苯酚的最佳氧化去除效果的pH范围为9－10，高铁氧化邻氯苯酚近似的二级动力学反应。     

高铁酸钾调理改善活性污泥脱水性能的反应机制研究

研究了高铁酸钾(K_2FeO_4)对处理活性污泥脱水性的效果,重点考察了不同pH和剂量条件下,K_2FeO_4调理对污泥过滤脱水特性和胞外聚合物(EPS)分布和组成的影响,以深入认识K_2FeO_4调理污泥的反应机制.研究表明,K_2FeO_4调理效果随pH值的降低而改善,其不仅有氧化裂解作用导致结合型EPS(BEPS)释放,同时其还原产物三价铁离子兼具混凝功效,能够通过电中和与界面吸附去除部分溶解性EPS(SEPS),同时压缩EPS结构,增强污泥絮体结构.此外,当pH值为3,K_2FeO_4投加量为0.1 g·g~(-1)(以TSS计)时,污泥过滤脱水速率和程度均达到最佳.过量投加K_2FeO_4(0.2 g·g~(-1),以TSS计)后,BEPS大量释放,污泥过滤阻力增加,脱水性能恶化.     

超声耦合高铁酸钾对印染污泥脱水性能的影响

分别采用高铁酸钾、超声、超声耦合高铁酸钾对印染污泥的脱水性能进行研究,考察了印染污泥中沉降速率(SV30)、毛细吸水时间(CST)、污泥破解率DDCOD和泥饼含水率等脱水指标的变化情况。结果表明,低声能密度(0.225~0.45 W·mL-1)和短超声时间(1~6 min)都能够促进污泥的脱水性能。在声能密度为0.45 W·mL-1,超声时间为4 min的最佳超声条件下,SV30和CST分别下降了6.3% 和16.35%。同时,高铁酸钾的添加使污泥脱水效果更显著,在最佳添加量(60 mg·g-1)下,SV30、CST和泥饼含水率较原污泥减少了18.36%、31%和13.07%。为了促进污泥脱水,最佳污泥破解率DDCOD为2%~5%。扫描电镜结果显示,在最佳条件下处理的污泥较原污泥变化明显,原有颗粒结构被破坏,利于污泥脱水。     

Comparison of airborne and terrestrial gamma spectrometry measurements - evaluation of three areas in southern Sweden

The Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) has been conducting airborne gamma spectrometry measurements of natural radioactivity in Sweden for more than 40 years. Today, the database covers about 80% of the country’s land surface. This article explores the first step of putting this data into use in radioactive source search at ground level. However, in order to be able to use the airborne background measurements at ground level, SGU data must be validated against terrestrial data. In this work, we compare the SGU data with data measured by a portable backpack system. This is done for three different areas in southern Sweden. The statistical analysis shows that a linear relationship and a positive correlation exist between the air and ground data. However, this linear relationship could be revealed only when the region possessed large enough variations in areal activity. Furthermore, the activity distributions measured show good agreement to those of SGU. We conclude that the SGU database could be used for terrestrial background assessment, given that a linear transfer function is established.