高铁酸盐氧化絮凝去除饮用水中氨氮的研究

研究了不同水质条件下高铁酸亍对饮用水中氨氮的去除效果及主要影响因素，通过实验证明，高铁对水中氨氮上人一定的氧化去除效能，利用并强化高铁的氧化和絮凝作用的协同效果，将使高铁对氨氮的处理能力有所提高，进上步发现，少量的三价铁对高铁氧化絮凝去除氨氮具有一定的催化作用。     

高铁酸钾调理改善活性污泥脱水性能的反应机制研究

研究了高铁酸钾(K_2FeO_4)对处理活性污泥脱水性的效果,重点考察了不同pH和剂量条件下,K_2FeO_4调理对污泥过滤脱水特性和胞外聚合物(EPS)分布和组成的影响,以深入认识K_2FeO_4调理污泥的反应机制.研究表明,K_2FeO_4调理效果随pH值的降低而改善,其不仅有氧化裂解作用导致结合型EPS(BEPS)释放,同时其还原产物三价铁离子兼具混凝功效,能够通过电中和与界面吸附去除部分溶解性EPS(SEPS),同时压缩EPS结构,增强污泥絮体结构.此外,当pH值为3,K_2FeO_4投加量为0.1 g·g~(-1)(以TSS计)时,污泥过滤脱水速率和程度均达到最佳.过量投加K_2FeO_4(0.2 g·g~(-1),以TSS计)后,BEPS大量释放,污泥过滤阻力增加,脱水性能恶化.     

原子吸收法测定降水中的钾、钠、钙、镁的改进

对标准分析方法中的K、Na、Ca、Mg分开测定改进为混合测定。改进法与标准法的校准曲线、精密度与准确度均较为一致。改进法简化了操作程序，提高了工作效率。     

PPH (potassium polyacrylate & hectorite) composite materials – A new fire accident emergency method for thermal protection of adjacent tanks

When a chemical tank fire happens in a storage area, it is very important to protect adjacent tanks so as to decrease fire accident losses. In this paper, a new thermal protection method was put forward based on a PPH (potassium polyacrylate & hectorite) thermal insulation composite material spraying on an adjacent tank under fire. Firstly, the PPH material was prepared successfully by a polymerization reaction of potassium acrylate, hectorite, NaHSO₃ and (NH₄)₂S₂O₈. Secondly, thermal insulation performance of the PPH material was characterized by heat transfer process at high incident heat flux using cone calorimeter. The results show that thermal insulation performance of the PPH material is affected by a content change of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, NaHSO₃ and hectorite in formulations. The content of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ 0.14 wt%, NaHSO₃ 1.38 wt% and hectorite 1.4 wt% was an optimum formulation ratio to obtain best thermal insulation performance. Finally, possible thermal insulation mechanisms of the PPH material were presented using SEM, TG and TG-IR techniques. One of the thermal insulation mechanisms is the incident heat flux absorbed by water evaporation from the PPH material. Another is the thermal protection of the char formed from the PPH material at high incident thermal radiation, which can prevent heat and mass transfer.     

K+对Fe(Ⅵ)生成的稳定促进作用和机理研究

研究了在生成高铁酸盐反应过程中K⁺对Fe(Ⅵ)的稳定促进作用和机理.结果表明,当反应温度大于50℃时,K⁺比Na⁺更有利于高铁酸盐的生成.K⁺促进高铁酸盐溶液生成的最佳反应温度为65℃.在生成高铁酸盐反应过程中,增加K⁺浓度能提高高铁酸盐的产率,并且随着硝酸铁投加量的增加,K⁺影响显著.在硝酸铁投加量为85 g/L时,采用4.4 mol/L KOH制备的Fe(Ⅵ)浓度为0.05 mol/L;加入2 mol/L K⁺后,Fe(Ⅵ)浓度增加到0.15 mol/L.K⁺对高铁酸盐溶液生成浓度的影响在硝酸铁投加量大于75 g/L,反应温度低于55℃,ClO^-浓度低于1.16 mol/L时较为显著.K⁺在一定程度上可替代部分碱度,降低OH^-用量.在反应过程中K⁺能包裹在FeO^2-₄周围,减少Fe³⁺与FeO^2-₄接触,从而减缓Fe³⁺对FeO^2-₄的催化分解作用;同时K⁺能与FeO^2-₄生成K₂FeO₄晶体沉淀析出,降低溶液中FeO^2-₄浓度,Fe(Ⅵ)分解速率减缓,稳定性增加,Fe(Ⅵ)生成浓度增加.     

高铁酸盐(Fe(Ⅵ))氧化去除水中PPCPs的研究进展

药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)采用传统的污水处理方法不易去除,高铁酸盐(Fe(VI))因具有强氧化性,且氧化产物Fe(III)具有絮凝作用,近年来被广泛应用于去除PPCPs。介绍了Fe(VI)近年来的制备进展,分析了Fe(VI)去除PPCPs的效率及影响因素,探讨了Fe(VI)与PPCPs的反应机理及产物、中间产物的毒性变化,并展望了未来Fe(VI)去除PPCPs的研究方向。Fe(VI)能有效去除多种PPCPs,去除效率受p H值、温度、Fe(VI)初始浓度和PPCPs性质影响,Fe(VI)与PPCPs反应的中间产物毒性值得关注。     

Impact of the 1998 Central American fires on PM2.5 mass and composition in the southeastern United States

The impact of the Central American fires on PM_2.5 mass concentration and composition in the Tennessee Valley region during portions of May, 1998, has been quantified. Elevated concentrations of smoke aerosol tracers—fine potassium, (and to a lesser extent, calcium and silicon) and, where available, organic and elemental carbon—were observed in the region during times in which satellite imagery (TOMS and GOES-8) showed regional transport of hazy, smoky airmasses from southern Mexico and adjacent areas of Central America. Back-trajectories from network sites in the Tennessee Valley network were consistent with this regional transport. The extent of transport of extra-regional fine particle mass during May, 1998, is discussed relative to the new US fine particle mass-based standards for fine particulate matter.     

Potential Use of Olive-Waste Ash from Cogeneration Plants as a Soil Amendment

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of olive-cake ash as a soil amendment, using pepper (Capsicum annuum, L. cv Italian sweet). Three soils of different pH (acidic, neutral and calcareous) were used. Treatments included a control (no fertilizer application), NPK fertilizer, and two ash-application rates that provided a complete dose (equivalent to the K₂O amount in the fertilizer) and a half dose (equivalent to half the K₂O amount in the fertilizer), respectively. The ash was effective in raising soil pH. Ash treatments increased the pepper (stems and leaves) dry matter yield over control; although these increases were lower than treatment including NPK. Application of ash significantly increased leaf P concentration and AB-DTPA extractable P in soil, especially in the acidic and neutral soils. Leaf K concentrations and readily and slowly available K forms in soils were affected positively by the addition of the ash. These results demonstrate that ash from the combustion of wet olive cake can be used as a beneficial organic soil amendment.     

Synthesis and characterisation of potassium polytitanate for photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet

Potassium titanate nanostructures were synthesised by hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 （P25） in KOH and H2O2. As-produced powders were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption methods. Longitudinally-oriented-wire-like structures with a length up to several micrometres and diameters ranging from 10 to 30 nm were obtained. Larger size fibrous nanowires resulting from the hydrotherrnal treatment showed high affinity in adsorbing crystal violet （CV）, which was mainly due to their high surface area. The photocatalytic bleaching of CV solution revealed that the wires are photoactive under ultraviolet light irradiation. Macroporous nanowires are considered as effective adsorbents of CV, capable of photocatalvtic degradation, and they can be easily separated from the solution by settling.     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.