Transboundary conservation: An ecoregional approach to protect neotropical migratory birds in South America

Future conservation efforts will need to transcend geopolitical boundaries in efforts to protect entire landscapes and ecosystems. Neotropical migratory birds are as a group a useful conservation tool for linking diverse landscapes and people due to their dependence on multiple habitats, sensitivity to habitat changes, and universal public appeal. The conservation of neotropical migrants can therefore function as a powerful hemispheric umbrella for ecosystem protection. Efforts to protect neotropical migratory birds on their nonbreeding grounds have traditionally been focused on Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. To assess the importance of South America to neotropical migrants, an ecoregional classification system was used to determine species distributions in the Andean/Southern Cone Region (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela). The occurrence of migrants in protected areas that are part of The Nature Conservancy's Parks in Peril program was also assessed. Of the 406 neotropical migrant species, nearly one third (132) occur as regular nonbreeding residents in the region and for almost half of these species (53), South America is their main nonbreeding ground. All Parks in Peril sites were found to harbor neotropical migrants. Forty-eight species (36%) have declining longterm North American Breeding Bird Survey population trends and/or high Partners in Flight concern scores and thus are of significant conservation concern. Most importantly, 29 species (22%) of conservation concern use South America as their primary nonbreeding ground, indicating a need for focused conservation action. The nature of the ecoregional approach used in this endeavor makes future prioritization of ecoregions and conservation strategies for neotropical migrants across national boundaries possible. The ability to link diverse landscapes using a common element such as migratory birds allows for unique transboundary partnerships and opportunities for habitat conservation, which support the goal of the Conservancy's new Migratory Bird Initiative.     

民勤土地荒漠化的成因分析及治理措施研究

自2001年以来温总理先后有六次对石羊河流域的治理和民勤县土地荒漠化问题作出过重要批示.在2005年召开的全国人代会上,又同与会的甘肃代表共商治理对策,并再次强调指出:"决不能让民勤成为第二个罗布泊"."罗布泊"已成为生态灾难的代名词,我们不能坐视这个代名词在民勤重演.本文分析了民勤荒漠化的成因,并提出从源头、上、下游三管齐下综合治理石羊河流域的思路以及相应措施.     

浅谈我国及内蒙古自治区城市水环境污染对策现状和水资源保护利用

本文在阐述我国及内蒙古自治区的城市水环境污染现状的基础上， 分析了存在的原因， 并提出了相关的水环境污染防治、水资源保护利用对策。     

关于区域生物多样性保护研究的若干问题

区域生物多样性保护研究是一项基础性很强的应用研究,应为保护行动计划提供有理论依据的可操作性的保护措施和技术。在生态系统多样性、物种多样性和基因多样性的三个层次上,以物种多样性保护为核心,即以保护和调控生态系统的多样性,来保护与发展物种的多样性,并由此保护和保存生物遗传基因的多样性。同时,它也是一项社会性很强的实际研究,需要通过对代表性地区或优先重点地区的具体研究来实现。本文还提出了应研究的内容、应提交的成果和综述了需要在研究中思考、探讨和验证的理论问题,为区域生物多样性保护的研究提供了可参考的技术路线。     

包头市昆河流域综合整治设想与预评估

本文简要说明昆河流域综合整治的重要性和迫切性，并提出其基本框架。分析和评估综合整治后的昆河对包头水资源保护和开发利用，生态系统的稳定，可持续发展的深远影响。     

包头市生态监测指标体系研究初探

随着全球生态问题的不断涌现，生态保护的呼声日益高涨，要想顺应这一形势的要求，实现切实有效的生态保护，首先必须对生态破坏状况要有一个准确的把握，而生态监测是全面掌握生态状况的有效手段和唯一 途径。目前国内的生态监测工作缺乏统一的标准，国家尚未制定技术规范。本研究针对包头市的特点，以景观生态学理论为依据，将包头市划分为五大景观生态系统，根据其各自特点，突出主要生态问题，制定了相应的生态监测指标体系，从而为生态监测工作的开展打下了坚实的基础。     

大青山中高山地带阴坡水土保持效益的研究

本文对大青山高土地带阴坡三种不同水土保持林与农地，撩荒地比较，将枯落物持水性、土壤含水量及土壤性质、分散度、导水率进行了分析，阐明了大青山中高山地带阴坡三种不同林分有极强的哟水性、可拦蓄大量的径流；林地土壤含水量高、结构良好、渗透降水能力强，土本难以破坏。可有交地防治山地水土流失的发生。     

三峡库区药用植物资源特征及其保护对策

三峡库区共有药用植物１１２９种,隶属于６０３属,１７４科。菊科、百合科、蝶形花科等１９个大科的种数达总种数的４９４％,蓼属、铁线莲属等２６个大属的种数达１８５％。中国特有种类占３７２％,显示出其在库区的丰富性。根茎类药用植物占４２１％,提示我们应适度采挖,做到永续利用。以林地为生境的药用植物占４８９％,表明森林是库区药用植物的资源库。三峡水库对库区药用植物资源的淹没损失不大,但其间接影响巨大。保护天然林是保护库区药用植物资源的重要途径。     

从我国畜禽品种资源特点出发的保种战略

本文论述了对我国畜禽品种资源保护的两种战略及依据,即被动保种战略与主动保种战略。这一研究结论是基于我国畜禽品种资源的现状与特点:即拥有丰富的品种资源(共有601个品种与类型,其中本国地方品种385个)多样化的性能与产品对世界畜牧业的贡献面临经济发展的严峻挑战以及处于变化中的品种结构等。对于那些濒于灭绝及濒危中的品种,可采取被动保种的办法而对于尚未濒危但有潜在危险的大多数地方品种,则应采取主动保种的办法,将保种与开发相结合。并在主动保种方面提供了滩羊与湖羊保种研究中的两个实例以做说明。     

Carbon emissions from land-use change: an analysis of causal factors in Chiapas, Mexico

This study examines the correlation between deforestation, carbon dioxide emissions and potential causal factors of land-use change within an area of 2.7 million ha in Chiapas, southern Mexico between 1975 and 1996. Digitized land-use maps and interpreted satellite images were used to quantify land-use changes. Geo-referenced databases of population and digitized maps of roads and topography were used to determine which factors could be used to explain observed changes in land-use. The study analyzed the relationship between carbon emissions during this period and two types of possible causal factors: “predisposing” factors that determine the susceptibility of a particular area of forest to change (slope, distance to agriculture and roads, land tenure) and “driving” factors representing the pressures for change (population density, poverty). The correlated factors were combined in risk matrices, which show the proportion of vulnerable carbon stocks lost in areas with defined social, economic and environmental characteristics. Such matrices could be used to predict future deforestation rates and provide a verifiable evidence-base for defining baseline carbon emissions for forest conservation projects. Based on the results of the analysis, two matrices were constructed, using population density as the single most important driving factor and distance from roads and distance from agriculture as the two alternatives for the predisposing factors of deforestation.