DEFINING REGIONAL POPULATIONS OF LAKES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Topographic maps are commonly used to define populations of lakes in regional surveys of surface water quality. To illustrate the effect of different maps on that process, we compared the lakes represented on the 1:250,000-scale maps used for the Northeast Region of the Eastern Lake Survey—Phase I (ELS-I) to the lakes on a sample of large-scale maps (1:24,000 or 1:62,500). Lake areas at or near the lower limit of representation delimited “smallest-lake” values for the compared 1:250,000-scale maps. The regional median for these values was 4.5 hectares (ha) and ranged from 0.6 to 24.8 ha. Lake representation is influenced by cartographic limitations such as map scale, age, and complexity as well as the inherent variability of waterbodies (e.g., water level fluctuations or the creation of reservoirs, beaver impoundments, and oxbows). The total number of lakes on large-scale maps increased markedly as lake area decreased. Approximately 15,700 of the estimated 29,000 lakes in the EPA's Northeast Region were 1 to 4 ha in area. Because maps affect the size distribution of lakes included in a regional survey and because lake areas are thought to modify lake chemistry, maps ultimately affect the estimates of regional surface water quality.     

The contribution of dry deposited ammonia and sulphur dioxide to the composition of precipitation from continuously open gauges

A series of experiments using bulk precipitation collectors of the type used in the UK precipitation chemistry network measured the amounts of NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻ and other ions that could be washed from funnels (diameter 15 cm) exposed to a wide range of NH₃ and SO₂ concentrations over periods from hours to days. In dry conditions, the average deposition flux of NH₃ was between 50 and 120 nmol NH₄⁺ funnel⁻¹ d⁻¹ (0.1–0.3 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and was independent of the concentration of NH₃. Dry deposition of NH₃ to wet funnels at small NH₃ concentrations was almost 5 times that to dry funnels under the same conditions (average 240 nmol funnel⁻¹ d⁻¹; 0.7 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and increased with increasing NH₃ concentrations. The amount of NH₄⁺ ions remaining on the funnel surface was inversely proportional to the vapour pressure deficit during the experiment. This result was interpreted as a dependence on the duration of surface wetness, with greater deposition of NH₄⁺ when evaporation rates of surface water were small.The amount of SO₂ deposited on funnel surfaces was closely related to the amount of NH₃ deposited, in both wet and dry conditions, but was not strongly correlated with the SO₂ concentration. At low NH₃ and SO₂ concentrations the average deposition to dry funnels was 70 nmol SO₄²⁻ funnel⁻¹ d⁻¹ (0.5 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and to wet funnels was approximately 2.5 times larger. The results are interpreted in terms of the balance between the rate of evaporation of surface water, and the rate of oxidation of SO₂, which leads to the ‘fixing’ of NH₄⁺ ions on the surface as involatile salts.It is predicted that dry deposition of NH₃ to funnel surfaces across the UK Secondary Network could account for as much as one-half of the measured bulk wet deposition at sites where wet deposition of NH₄–N is small. The amount of dry deposition depends on how long and how often funnel surfaces are wetted by rain or dew, and on the air concentrations of NH₃. These predictions are based on funnels being wetted only once per day. More frequent wetting would increase the contribution from dry deposition, and the consequent overestimate of wet deposition of NH₄–N across the UK by using data obtained from bulk collectors. To some extent this overestimate may be offset by microbial degradation and loss of NH₄–N in weekly bulk precipitation samples during collection and storage.     

Carbon isotope effects during precipitation of barium carbonate: implications for environmental studies

Here we demonstrate that precipitation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to at pH 10.26, 11.38 and 12.11 does not cause measurable carbon isotope fractionation. However, NaOH solution prepared under standard laboratory procedure and used to increase pH value for precipitation of BaCO₃ can be contaminated by atmospheric CO₂. In our experiment, δ¹³C value in the contaminant DIC was −24.30‰, which resulted in decrease in the δ¹³C(DIC) value by 0.03, 0.07 and 0.22 at pH 10.26, 11.38 and 12.11, respectively.     

长江南通站含沙量及水化学变化与流域的风化过程

1960—2001年间长江河水含沙量递减趋势方程为：S=-4．7273a 582．94。近些年来泥沙含量递减趋势可能会对流域生态环境产生重要影响，应引起社会的关注。长江河水化学组分在1997-2001年的5年间受到季节和年际变化的影响较为有限。河水中HCO3^-与Ca^3 占主导地位，占总离子当量浓度的55％以上。主要受到碳酸盐类溶解的控制。硅酸盐类的风化过程较弱，可能主要是钙镁硅酸盐类的溶解，对流域离子的总体贡献不大。岩盐、石膏和芒硝的水解对河水中的Na^ 、SO4^2-和Cl^-的贡献最大。由此长江流域发生的主要风化过程有：白云石和方解石的溶解、钙镁长石的分解和岩盐、石膏、芒硝等的水解过程等，这与长江流域的岩石特征是基本一致的。粗略的估计．大气CO2对河流中HCO3^-的贡献量占河水中离子总当量浓度的20％左右，其余80％河水溶解质为风化岩石提供。     

五氯苯酚的降解研究进展

综述了近年来我国在五氯苯酚(PCP)降解研究中取得的进展,并对五氯苯酚的化学与生物降解法进行了评述.在化学降解法中着重讨论了光催化降解和辐射降解,对比了常用光催化技术(UV,UV/H2O2,UV/H2O2/Fe(Ⅱ/Ⅲ),UV/TiO2)和辐射技术对PCP的降解效率及其影响因素,分析了其降解产物和降解机理.化学降解主要为自由基氧化降解,五氯苯酚在HO·、·O2-等自由基作用下,逐步脱氯生成多酚或醌,然后开环矿化.在微生物降解法中,综述了降解PCP微生物的筛选,论述了PCP在好氧和厌氧条件下的降解过程.五氯苯酚的生物降解路径为:好氧条件下,五氯苯酚在氢氧化酶作用下,被氧化生成氯代醌,并逐步脱去所有的氯原子,生成苯酚后开环;在厌氧和缺氧条件下,五氯苯酚还原脱氯,在得到电子的同时,脱掉一个氯取代基,最终矿化为CH4和CO2.PCP的降解研究对讨论其在环境中的迁移、转化以及含酚废水的处理具有重要意义.     

化学放热系统热爆炸临界值的随机性

提出了化学放热系统热爆炸临界值的随机性问题,并定义了化学放热系统的热安全度和可靠度.将LambertW函数计算出的化学放热系统临界环境温度和系统实际所处环境温度均看作随机变量,假定化学放热系统临界环境温度服从正态分布,应用应力-强度干涉理论计算化学放热系统的热爆炸概率值.化学放热系统热爆炸概率值的计算使热爆炸理论的研究从确定性理论向随机性理论发展.     

Supramolecular chemistry—general principles and selected examples from anion recognition and metallosupramolecular chemistry

This review gives an introduction into supramolecular chemistry describing in the first part general principles, focusing on terms like noncovalent interaction, molecular recognition, self-assembly, and supramolecular function. In the second part those will be illustrated by simple examples from our laboratories. Supramolecular chemistry is the science that bridges the gap between the world of molecules and nanotechnology. In supramolecular chemistry noncovalent interactions occur between molecular building blocks, which by molecular recognition and self-assembly form (functional) supramolecular entities. It is also termed the "chemistry of the noncovalent bond." Molecular recognition is based on geometrical complementarity based on the "key-and-lock" principle with nonshape-dependent effects, e.g., solvatization, being also highly influential. Self-assembly leads to the formation of well-defined aggregates. Hereby the overall structure of the target ensemble is controlled by the symmetry features of the certain building blocks. Finally, the aggregates can possess special properties or supramolecular functions, which are only found in the ensemble but not in the participating molecules. This review gives an introduction on supramolecular chemistry and illustrates the fundamental principles by recent examples from our group.     

Tenax富集-毛细管气相色谱法同时测定环境空气中12种氯苯类化合物

建立了毛细管气相色谱法同时分离快速测定环境空气中12种氯苯类有机污染物的方法.采集10 L空气样品,用Tenax吸附管富集氯苯类化合物,石油醚淋洗解析,DB-23毛细管柱分离,电子捕获检测器检测.空气中氯苯类化合物的最低检测浓度分别为:氯苯20 μg/m3,二氯苯0.5～0.8 μg/m3,三氯苯0.08～0.1 μg/m3,四氯苯0.03～0.05 μg/m3,五氯苯、六氯苯0.01 μg/m3.在空白试验中,回收率为90.7%～100.6%,相对标准偏差低于7.16%(n=5).结果表明,该测定方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,适合环境空气中12种氯苯类化合物的痕量测定.     

新型含能化合物的热危险性计算预测

简要介绍了含能材料的热危险性评价,进而提出了一套用于计算预测热危险性的方法,并对高能量密度化合物、有机叠氮化合物、笼形多硝基烷烃化合物进行了热危险性预测.结果表明,目前常见高能量密度化合物的热危险性均小于NG.在选取的有机叠氮化合物中叠氮乙酰的热危险性较大,对甲基叠氮苯热危险性相对较小.立方烷和金刚烷上引人硝基后,热危险性增大,并随硝基数量的增多而增大.该计算方法和预测结果对评估含能材料热危险性有一定的参考意义.     

石漠化治理对岩溶地下水水化学和溶解无机碳稳定同位素的影响

以贵州关岭-贞丰花江岩溶石漠化综合治理示范区不同土地利用类型和不同石漠化治理模式的5个泉点为研究对象,分析泉水水化学特征及溶解无机碳(DIC)稳定同位素(δ13CDIC)的分布和变化,揭示石漠化治理的岩溶效应和水质效应.结果表明,研究区地下水水化学类型为重碳酸-钙型(HCO3-Ca),人类活动干预相对较少的水井湾、戈贝和毛家湾泉水的水质较好,而受农业活动影响较多的吊井和谭家寨泉水主要离子浓度和电导率都较高,水质相对较差;泉水p H值、方解石饱和指数(SIc)和二氧化碳分压(p CO2)对土地利用或石漠化治理反应敏感,表现为水井湾、吊井、谭家寨和戈贝泉水中的p H值和SIc小于毛家湾泉水,相反p CO2明显大于毛家湾泉水;水井湾、毛家湾、戈贝泉水中的(Ca2++Mg2+)/HCO-3当量比接近1∶1,以碳酸风化碳酸盐岩为主,吊井和谭家寨泉水中(Ca2++Mg2+)相对HCO-3明显偏高,主要是因为受到农业活动强烈影响,可能有硫酸和硝酸参与了碳酸盐岩的溶蚀;此外,雨季由于生物旺盛,泉水中的δ13CDIC值较旱季偏轻;不同泉水中δ13CDIC平均值大小顺序为吊井(-12.79‰)水井湾(-12.48‰)戈贝(-10.76‰)毛家湾(-10.30‰)谭家寨(-6.70‰),反映了石漠化和农业施肥影响下的地下水的δ13CDIC值偏重,石漠化治理后泉水的δ13CDIC值则偏轻.