承压类特种设备受压元件壁厚测定问题的探讨

壁厚是承压类特种设备结构的主要参数.针对几例因受压元件壁厚未测定所留下的安全隐患,本文对承压类特种设备壁厚测定的必要性进行分析探讨,并分别就锅炉、压力容器和压力管道在相应法规标准中对壁厚测定的要求和对监检机构的要求提出了建议.     

在用压力容器的安全校核

由于在用压力容器的安全校核计算至今尚无统一技术标准，在已开展的在用压力容器定期检验工作中，进行安全校核计算困难较大，尤其是算式中参数选择、原设计标准中公式的运用，在一个地区、在全国差异都较大，甚至同一台容器不同的检验员检验和计算，就会得出不同的结论，可能造成有的压力容器提前报废，有的带隐患运行。本文对目前普遍存在的问题进行分析，找出解决问题的方法，达到对在用压力容器有效检验的目的。     

采场调压数学模型在煤矿火区治理中的应用

采场调压可改变采场内气体流动的状况,抑制采空区自然发火。笔者采用Ｗａｒｄ 非线性运动方程,建立采场调压数学模型,利用有限元法对其进行求解。通过对小恒山煤矿东正巷出口的调压进行计算机模拟,从而掌握火区内部参数的变化趋势,及时预测调压潜力及效果,指导调压措施的进一步实施。     

略论高压水射流清洗效率的提高途径

目前,我国工业清洗发展很快,大型高压水射流多功能清洗设备的用量日渐增多,并在清洗行业中的作用越来越大。但是,在使用中,普遍存在着压力和流量不合理、高压水泵能量利用率低、高压管路压力损失过大、喷枪、喷头涡流严重等弊病,为解决上述问题进行了提高高压水射流清洗效率的研究工作。     

超高压水射流系统压力稳定性研究

超高压水射流系统压力的稳定是系统提高切割性能的关键,稳压器容积的大小、方向阀转换时间、喷嘴直径是影响系统压力稳定的主要因素。分析了系统压力稳定过程,并对三种不同容积的稳压器分别进行了试验研究,所得结论对系统压力稳定性的提高具有指导意义。     

Effects of ignition energy on fire and explosion characteristics of dilute hybrid fuel in ventilation air methane

Deflagration explosions of coal dust clouds and flammable gases are a major safety concern in coal mining industry. Accidental fire and explosion caused by coal dust cloud can impose substantial losses and damages to people and properties in underground coal mines. Hybrid mixtures of methane and coal dust have the potential to reduce the minimum activation energy of a combustion reaction. In this study the Minimum Explosion Concentration (MEC), Over Pressure Rise (OPR), deflagration index for gas and dust hybrid mixtures (K_st) and explosive region of hybrid fuel mixtures present in Ventilation Air Methane (VAM) were investigated. Experiments were carried out according to the ASTM E1226-12 guideline utilising a 20 L spherical shape apparatus specifically designed for this purpose.Resultsobtained from this study have shown that the presence of methane significantly affects explosion characteristics of coal dust clouds. Dilute concentrations of methane, 0.75–1.25%, resulted in coal dust clouds OPR increasing from 0.3 bar to 2.2 bar and boosting the K_st value from 10 bar m s⁻¹ to 25 bar m s⁻¹. The explosion characteristics were also affected by the ignitors’ energy; for instance, for a coal dust cloud concentration of 50 g m⁻³ the OPR recorded was 0.09 bar when a 1 kJ chemical ignitor was used, while, 0.75 bar (OPR) was recorded when a 10 kJ chemical ignitor was used.For the first time, new explosion regions were identified for diluted methane-coal dust cloud mixtures when using 1, 5 and 10 kJ ignitors. Finally, the Le-Chatelier mixing rule was modified to predict the lower explosion limit of methane-coal dust cloud hybrid mixtures considering the energy of the ignitors.     

Steam cavity and explosion intensity of molten copper column interaction with water

The steam explosion is one of the most serious accidents in the metallurgical industry. In this paper, an experimental study on the interaction of molten copper column with cooling water was carried out using high-speed camera and transient pressure measurement system. The effects of temperature, falling height, diameter and mass of molten copper column on the interaction were investigated. The steam cavity phenomenon was observed in the interaction and the percentage of steam cavity volume affects the probability of fragmentation of molten copper column. The maximum percentage of steam cavity volume increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of temperature and falling height. It increases with the increase of diameter of molten copper column, but the mass has a weak effect. The pressure wave generated by the interaction of molten copper column with cooling water gradually increases with an increase in the temperature of molten copper column. The energy conversion rate in the interaction of molten copper column with cooling water was calculated. The rate of energy conversion from the thermal energy of molten copper column to the energy of pressure wave is low because most of the thermal energy is dissipated into the cooling water by heat transfer.     

压力容器安全等级综合评定的实践

依据国家有关在用压力容器检验法规标准,结合金川公司压力容器的使用情况及多年来的检验实际,阐述了压力容器安全等级综合评定的方法。     

Sulfate reduction behavior in pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone

Attention should be paid to the sulfate reduction behavior in a pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone. In this study, within the relative pressure range of 0–0.6 MPa, the ambient temperature with the highest sulfate reduction rate of 50°C was selected to explore the difference in sulfate reduction behavior in a pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone. The results showed that the sulfate reduction rate might further increase with an increase in pressure; however, owing to the effect of pressure increase, the generated hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) could not be released on time, thereby decreasing its highest concentration by approximately 85%, and the duration extended to about two times that of the atmospheric pressure. Microbial community structure and functional gene abundance analyses showed that the community distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria was significantly affected by pressure conditions, and there was a negative correlation between disulfide reductase B (dsrB) gene abundance and H₂S release rate. Other sulfate reduction processes that do not require disulfide reductase A (dsrA) and dsrB genes may be the key pathways affecting the sulfate reduction rate in the pressure-bearing leachate saturated zone. This study improves the understanding of sulfate reduction in landfills as well as provides a theoretical basis for the operation and management of landfills.     

校正弯曲回弹分析及校正力确定

通过分析板材塑性弯曲时的校正压力与弯曲力矩之间的关系,研究了校正压力对减少板材回弹的作用.这对校正弯曲的工艺设计具有十分重要的意义.