主成份分析法在二滩水质监测数据综合分析中的应用实例

以二滩水质监测数据为例，运用主成份分析法对大量的水质监测数据进行综合分析。结果表明，影响二滩水库水质质量的主要因素分别为水土流失、水中有机污染、水体富营养化以及人畜粪便污染。通过实例分析可以看出，主成份分析法能够正确而全面地定量化反映出常规统计方法所无法反映的监测数据或监测指标之间内在的关系，在环境监测数据的综合分析中有着其它方法无法比拟的优势。     

长江三角洲地区城市污水污泥重金属含量研究

通过现场采样及室内分析,研究了长江三角洲地区南京、苏州、上海、杭州等15个城市的污水处理厂44份污泥样品中6种重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni)的含量。结果表明,不同污水处理厂的污泥样品中重金属元素的总量存在较大的差异,6种重金属元素平均含量的大小顺序为Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cd。对各类型污泥重金属污染指数比较表明,工业污水为主城市污泥中重金属污染程度明显高于生活污水为主污泥和混流污水污泥。用主成分分析法提取的3个主成分较好地反映了6个重金属指标的信息,累积贡献率为82.0%,第一主成分能解释接近50%的信息量,它主要反映各金属在污泥中均有不同程度的富集。为了保护生态环境和人类健康,防止二次污染,污泥土地利用时需考虑重金属含量,采取相应控制措施。     

Multivariate Patterns of Antioxidative and Photoprotective Defence Compounds in Spruce Needles at Two Central European Forest Sites of Different Elevation

In this work we measured a set of antioxidative and photoprotective compounds (chlorophylls, carotenoids, tocopherol, ascorbate and glutathione), which were suggested previously as stress markers in conifer needles, at two spruce forest sites at different elevation in Saxony, Germany. Most variables differed significantly between current and 1-year-old needles, but only the content of the xanthophyll cycle per mg total chlorophyll and the oxidation state of glutathione were significantly different between the sites. We applied principal component analysis (PCA) to address the question if underlying accumulated variables are similar to the ones found in spruce needles across Alpine elevation profiles and/or for pines in Mediterranean ecosystems. Four principal components (accumulated variables, PC) representing 68% of the total variance of the dataset were extracted. PC 1 encompassed total chlorophyll, lutein, and β-carotene contents, PC 2 combined the epoxidation state of xanthophylls, ascorbate content and redox state, and glutathione content, PC 3 represented the content of xanthophylls and the redox state of glutathione, and PC 4 encompassed the content of α-carotene and the epoxidation state of xanthophylls. Only PC 3 was significantly different between sites. The PCA structure shows many similarities to corresponding findings in studies on spruce in mountain forests in the Alps and pines in Mediterranean systems. This corroborates the interpretation of PCs as indicative for underlying physiological processes. However, separation of the two investigated sites by PCs was in the present case study not superior to the separation by single input variables.     

洋河水库水质主成分分析

自20世纪80年代以来,洋河水库每年夏季都爆发“水华”现象,水质不断恶化。为研究水库水体水质年变化情况,于2005年对水库5个采样点的叶绿素a(Chl-a)、总磷(TP)等12项水化学指标进行为期1年的监测。采用基于因子分析的主成分分析方法,将洋河水库水质参数概括为5个主要成分,并分析各个主成分的含义以及其月均值随时间的变化规律。最后结合空间数据,分析了5个主成分年均值的空间分布特征和意义。结果表明,南库区的水质要明显好于北库区。     

洪湖水质空间特异性及主导因子分析

运用聚类分析和主成分分析方法对洪湖湿地12个采样点的理化特性进行分析。聚类分析表明,根据各采样点水质组分的相似性将洪湖大致分为3个空间区域,各空间区域正好分属于核心区、实验区、河口区,各区域间特征差异显著。对各区域水质的主成分分析表明,洪湖不同空间区域水质信息差异很大。第1组核心区主要体现富营养化信息;第2组实验区主要体现总氮、氧化还原电位、浊度信息;第3组河口区主要体现溶解氧及亚硝酸盐氮等污染物信息。揭示了洪湖水质现状及其成因,为洪湖水资源合理利用及生态保护提供基础数据。同时,运用地统计学方法为生态环境研究提供新的思路与方法。     

Predicting non-carcinogenic hazard quotients of heavy metals in pepper (Capsicum annum L.) utilizing electromagnetic waves

• There was significant absorption of heavy metals by the pepper in contaminated soils. • The target hazard quotient (THQ) indices followed the order of Pb>Zn>>Cd » Ni. • Relationships exist between contaminated plants and electromagnetic wave. • PCA and random search can select the main spectra and predict THQ for each element. Given the tendency of heavy metals to accumulate in soil and plants, the purpose of this study was to determine the contamination levels of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn on peppers (leaves and fruit) grown in contaminated soils in industrial centers. For this purpose, we measured the uptake of the four heavy metals by peppers grown in the heavy metal contaminated soils throughout the four growth stages: two-leaf, growth, flowering, and fruiting, and calculated various vegetation indices to evaluate the heavy metal contamination potentials. Electromagnetic waves were also applied for analyzing the responses of the target plants to various heavy metals. Based on the relevant spectral bands identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and random search methods, a regression method was then employed to determine the most optimal spectral bands for estimating the target hazard quotient (THQ). The THQ was found to be the highest in the plants contaminated by Pb (THQ= 62) and Zn (THQ= 5.07). The results of PCA and random search indicated that the spectra at the bands of b₅₇₀, b₆₅₀, and b₇₆₀ for Pb, b₄₀₀ and b₁₀₃₀ for Ni, b₄₀₀ and b₈₈₀ for Cd, and b₅₆₀, b₉₁₀, and b₁₀₅₀ for Zn were the most optimal spectra for assessing THQ. Therefore, in future studies, instead of examining the amount of heavy metals in plants by chemical analysis in the laboratory, the responses of the plants to the electromagnetic waves in the identified bands can be readily investigated in the field based on the established correlations.     

环巢湖典型农业区土壤重金属来源解析

重金属来源解析是防止或减少土壤重金属污染的必要前提。为此,采集并分析了环巢湖典型农业区408个表层土壤样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn等7种重金属元素含量。地积累指数评价结果表明土壤重金属污染总体处于0~1级。综合相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析结果可知:(1)Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn主要来源于大气沉降、畜禽粪肥和化肥等人类活动;(2)成土母质是Cr和Ni的主要来源;(3)As有人类活动和成土母质双重来源。用绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归模型(APCS-MLR)对土壤中重金属来源进行了定量解析,解析结果与主成分分析和聚类分析结果相符。可见,多元统计分析结合APCS-MLR模型能很好地应用于土壤重金属来源解析。     

ABS湿热海洋大气环境室内外老化行为及相关性研究

目的 研究丙烯腈(Acrylonitrile)、丁二烯(Butadiene)、苯乙烯(Styrene)3种单体的三元共聚物(Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene,ABS)在湿热海洋大气环境室内外的老化行为及其相关性。方法 开展湿热海洋大气暴露(室外)试验及多因子循环加速老化(室内)试验,通过观测外观形貌、力学、化学结构等性能变化,定性探究ABS室内外老化规律。通过灰色关联度与主成分分析,定量探索ABS室内外老化行为的相关性。结果 ABS黄色指数等与表面性能相关的指标在户外暴露6个月及室内加速老化300 h左右就基本达到饱和值50和45,而与整体性能相关的拉伸强度在老化过程中先下降、后上升,断裂伸长率、冲击强度、缺口冲击强度等指标在户外暴露2个月或室内老化200 h快速下降近60%后,再缓慢降低。分子链中丁二烯单体的双键或苯环侧链中的季碳受到环境中光、氧、水等的作用,分解生成酮与羟基。通过主成分分析,将ABS多种性能指标组合成综合老化指标,客观定量评价ABS室内外老化灰色关联度高达0.93。结论ABS老化是分子链断链及交联的动态竞争过程,湿热海洋大气环境室内外老化行为的相关性较高。     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in two mollusc species from the coast of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)

Levels of PCBs were determined in two marine organisms, limpets (Patella ullisiponensis aspera) and winkles (Ossilinus atratus), sampled in three stations in the south east coast of Tenerife during 1993. Winkles and limpets exhibited different PCB patterns. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to study the patterns and the relationships among PCBs.     

Comparison of three-dimensional fluorescence analysis methods for predicting formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids

This work investigated the application of several fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analysis methods as natural organic matter (NOM) indicators for use in predicting the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Waters from four different sources (two rivers and two lakes) were subjected to jar testing followed by 24 hr disinfection by-product formation tests using chlorine. NOM was quantified using three common measures: dissolved organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm, and specific ultraviolet absorbance as well as by principal component analysis, peak picking, and parallel factor analysis of fluorescence spectra. Based on multi-linear modeling of THMs and HAAs, principle component (PC) scores resulted in the lowest mean squared prediction error of cross-folded test sets (THMs: 43.7 (μg/L)², HAAs: 233.3 (μg/L)²). Inclusion of principle components representative of protein-like material significantly decreased prediction error for both THMs and HAAs. Parallel factor analysis did not identify a protein-like component and resulted in prediction errors similar to traditional NOM surrogates as well as fluorescence peak picking. These results support the value of fluorescence excitation-emission matrix-principal component analysis as a suitable NOM indicator in predicting the formation of THMs and HAAs for the water sources studied.