突发性环境污染事故应急系统及其响应程序

本文根据突发性环境污染事故应急工作的特点,本着实事求是、切实可行的原则,就建立应急组织、应急程序、技术储备等方面进行了探讨。可供各地在建立突发性环境污染事故应急系统及其响应程序时参考。     

中国民航行业可接受的安全水平研究

中国民航局提出持续安全理念,并正在制定国家航空安全方案,推动行业安全管理由目前基于规章符合性的安全监管逐渐转向规章符合性基础上的安全绩效监管,其中一项重要的工作是设定中国民航业可接受的安全水平,来衡量民航业是否满足持续改进安全的目标的要求。本文根据国际民航组织对可接受安全水平的设定指南,同时参考国外民航常用的事故指标,设计了一套中国民航行业可接受安全水平的指标体系,该指标体系包括安全评估指标、安全绩效评估指标和安全指数三层,并对该指标体系内事故率指标和事故征候率指标设定了未来10年的目标值。该指标体系及其目标值的设定不仅可作为衡量民航是否持续安全的标准,也可为航空运输企业设定自身的安全绩效考核指标提供参考。     

城市交通与环境可持续发展指标体系评估系统研究——上海案例应用

可持续发展是一种将社会发展概念从单纯经济增长拓展到经济、社会、环境协调发展的城市发展新模式.交通环境的可持续发展在整个发展体系中占据着重要地位.本文针对目前大城市普遍面临的交通环境压力和经济、交通与环境系统的复杂性,通过构建经济-交通-环境间的压力与响应关系,建立了可用于"回顾过去、解析现状、瞻望未来"的城市交通环境可持续发展指标体系.采用隶属函数对单项指标进行标准化处理,对交通环境可持续发展综合指数的评价,采用层次分析法确定各指标的权重.采用Visual Basic 6.0及Office的Access 2000,开发了交通环境可持续发展指标体系评估系统,并以上海市为案例进行了研究.本系统的开发可为城市交通环境可持续状况评价及发展对策的制定提供技术支持.     

北京市北运河水系底栖动物群落与水环境驱动因子的关系及水生态健康评价

底栖动物可反映多种生态威胁对水环境的积累效应,与河流水生态系统健康状态密切相关.本研究以北京市典型流域北运河流域为例,基于2015年夏季野外采样调查34个站点水生态数据,对底栖动物群落特征进行分析,采用典型对应分析筛选得到水质驱动因子,利用临界点指示类群分析方法探究关键影响因子的指示物种及其阈值,并基于底栖动物完整性指...     

太子河河岸带土地利用类型与硅藻群落结构的关系

为了评价河岸带土地利用对河流硅藻群落的影响,于2012年5月对太子河河岸带4种主要土地利用类型(森林用地、森林耕作用地、耕地、城镇建设用地)下38个采样点的硅藻群落和水环境特征进行采样分析. 结果表明:森林用地的指示种为膨大桥弯藻(Cymbella turgida)、优美桥弯藻(C. delicatula)、弧形峨眉藻(Ceratoneis arcus)、Gomphonema trancatum等寡污指示种;耕地的指示种为颗粒直链藻(M. granulate)、库津小环藻(Cyclotella kuetzingiana)、线形菱形藻(N. linearis)、尖布纹藻(Gyrosigma acuminatum)等污染指示种. 聚类分析结果显示,相同土地利用类型区域内,硅藻群落结构特征较为相似. 典范对应分析显示,ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(SS)(SS为悬浮物)和ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体)是影响硅藻群落结构特征的主要水环境因子. 不同土地利用类型区域内硅藻群落结构特征差异显著,其中,森林用地内硅藻生物指数(17.98)和硅藻属数量(17.33个)最高,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(2.22)和Pielou均匀度指数(0.54)最低;耕地内Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数平均值最高,分别为3.37和0.82;城镇建设用地内物种丰富度(11.00)、硅藻生物指数(9.20)和硅藻平均密度(0.71×104 L-1)最低. 研究显示,不同土地利用类型通过对水环境因子的影响进而影响硅藻群落的变化,其中城镇建设用地面积所占比例较高的河流水环境质量和硅藻群落状况最差;太子河河岸带土地利用类型对河流硅藻群落结构影响显著,并表现出明显的空间异质性.      

中国灌区粮食生产水足迹及用水评价

以1998、2005 及2009 年459 个灌区资料为基础,从区域尺度计算粮食生产水足迹,建立粮食生产用水水平综合评价指标I对灌区粮食生产与水资源利用之间的关系进行评价。结果显示:粮食生产水足迹及其组成的区域间差异均较大,大值省区主要分布于东北、华南,小值省区以黄淮海平原为核心集中分布;全国粮食生产水足迹多年均值为1.336 m³/kg,蓝、绿水比例分别为63.7%和35.8%,有35.1%的水足迹损失于粮食生产过程。空间自相关分析表明,粮食生产用水水平综合评价指标I相似的省区在空间上显著地聚集,局部自相关属性为HH和LL的省区超过了20 个,不同年份总体和局部的空间分异特征随时间变化均不明显;省区间粮食生产综合用水水平差异大,I值介于0.079~0.889 之间,变异系数为0.59,黄河中下游省区用水水平较高而东北及西北大部分省区则相反。结合人均粮食占有量与I值在全国的地位,对各省区粮食生产与农业用水发展方向进行了讨论。     

Villains,victims, and heroes: Accounting for the roles human activity plays in LOPA scenarios

When a team is analyzing a LOPA scenario, the team needs to consider all three roles played by human interaction in the scenario: that of cause, as a result of human error; that of receptor, both in terms of safety impacts (inside the fence line) and community impacts (outside the fence line); and that of independent layer of protection (IPL), considering both administrative controls and human responses. Frequently, the nature of these three roles are inter-related, and setting guidance that is internally consistent is important to using LOPA to assess risk rather than as a means to game the analyses to simply achieve a wished-for result.A number of criteria have been proposed to quantify human involvement, typically as cause, as receptor, or as IPL. Establishing a framework to look at all three in a unified way is more likely to result in analyses that are consistent from scenario to scenario.This paper describes such a framework and presents it in a way that allows organizations to review their own criteria for quantifying human involvement in LOPA. It also examines some of the published LOPA criteria for human involvement and looks at them in terms of consistency of approach between evaluation of cause, receptor, and IPL. Finally the paper makes suggestions to use in calibrating LOPA methodologies to achieve consistent and believable results in terms of human interaction within and between scenarios that have worked for other organizations.     

Requirements for improved process hazard analysis (PHA) methods

In order to develop better process hazard analysis (PHA) approaches, weaknesses in current approaches first must be identified and understood. Criteria can then be developed that new and improved approaches must meet. Current PHA methods share common weaknesses such as their inability specifically to address multiple failures, their identification of worst-consequence rather than worst-risk scenarios, and their focus on individual parts of a process. There has been no comprehensive analysis of these systemic weaknesses in the literature. Weaknesses are identified and described in this paper to assist in the development of improved approaches. Knowledge of the weaknesses also allows PHA teams to compensate for them to the extent possible when performing studies.Key criteria to guide the development of improved methods are proposed and discussed. These criteria include a structure that facilitates meaningful brainstorming of scenarios, ease of understanding and application of the method by participants, ability to identify scenarios efficiently, completeness of scenario identification, exclusion of extraneous scenarios, ease of updating and revalidating studies, and ease of meeting regulatory requirements. Some proposals are made for moving forward with the development of improved methods including the semi-automation of studies and improvements in the training of team members.     

Targeting for optimal grid-wide deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) techniques are considered as one of the promising approaches to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuel based power generation, which still accounts for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions in the world. CCS technology can be used to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, with the additional advantage that it allows continuing use reliable and inexpensive fossil fuels. However, CCS retrofit entails major capital costs as well as a reduction of overall thermal efficiency and power output. Thus, it is essential for planning purposes to implement the minimal extent of CCS retrofit while meeting the specified carbon emission limits for the power sector. At the same time, it is necessary to plan for compensatory power generation capacity to offset energy losses resulting from CCS retrofit. In this paper, an algebraic targeting technique is presented for planning of grid-wide CCS retrofits in the power generation sector with compensatory power. The targeting technique is developed based on pinch analysis. In addition, the proposed methodologies are illustrated through case studies based on grid data in India and the Philippines. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine the suitable CCS technology and compensatory power source which satisfy emission limits.     

Optimizing the design of storage facilities through the application of ISD and QRA

Four strategies can be used to achieve safety in chemical processes: inherent, passive, active and procedural. However, the strategy that offers the best results is the inherent safety approach, especially if it is applied during the initial stages of a project. Inherently Safer Design (ISD) permanently eliminates or reduces hazards, and thus avoids or diminishes the consequences of incidents. ISD can be applied using four strategies: substitution, minimization, moderation and simplification. In this paper, we propose a methodology that combines ISD strategies with Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) to optimize the design of storage installations. As 17% of major accidents in the chemical industry occur during the storage process and cause significant losses, it is essential to improve safety in such installations. The proposed method applies QRA to estimate the risk associated with a specific design. The design can then be compared to others to determine which is inherently safer. The risk analysis may incorporate complex phenomena such as the domino effect and possible impacts on vulnerable material and human elements. The methodology was applied to the San Juanico tragedy that occurred in Mexico in 1984.