瑞士土壤环境监测网络构建与运行对中国的启示

“十三五”期间,中国初步构建了国家土壤环境监测网并开展了监测工作。当前,国家层面土壤环境监测网络的构建和运行还处于起步阶段,笔者选取土壤环境监测开展较为成熟的瑞士土壤环境监测网(NABO)作为研究对象,综述了NABO的技术体系及多年来的土壤环境监测结果,并结合中国土壤环境监测工作现状进行讨论,认为NABO在监测网络建立、指标选取、数据分析等方面建立了较为成熟的技术体系,未来中国国家土壤环境监测网可在此方面借鉴瑞士经验。     

Determining Sources of Fecal Bacteria in Waterways

The microbiological contamination of waterways by pathogenic microbes has been, and is still, a persistent public safety concern in the United States and in most countries of the world. As most enteric pathogens are transmitted through the fecal–oral route, fecal pollution is generally regarded as the major contributor of pathogens to waterways. Fecal pollution of waterways can originate from wastewater treatment facilities, septic tanks, domestic- and wild-animal feces, and pets. Because enteric pathogens are derived from human or animal sources, techniques capable of identifying and apportioning fecal sources have been intensively investigated for use in remediation efforts and to satisfy regulatory concerns. Pollution of human origin is of the most concern, since human feces is more likely to contain human-specific enteric pathogens. Fecal indicator bacteria have been used successfully as the primary tool for microbiologically based risk assessment. However measurement of fecal indicator bacteria does not define what pathogens are present, or define the sources of these bacteria. Microbial source tracking (MST) methods that have the ability to differentiate among sources of fecal pollution are currently under development. These methods will ultimately be useful for risk assessment purposes and to aid regulatory agencies in developing strategies to remediate microbiologically impaired waterways.     

Molecular tools for bathing water assessment in Europe: Balancing social science research with a rapidly developing environmental science evidence-base

The use of molecular tools, principally qPCR, versus traditional culture-based methods for quantifying microbial parameters (e.g., Fecal Indicator Organisms) in bathing waters generates considerable ongoing debate at the science–policy interface. Advances in science have allowed the development and application of molecular biological methods for rapid (~2 h) quantification of microbial pollution in bathing and recreational waters. In contrast, culture-based methods can take between 18 and 96 h for sample processing. Thus, molecular tools offer an opportunity to provide a more meaningful statement of microbial risk to water-users by providing near-real-time information enabling potentially more informed decision-making with regard to water-based activities. However, complementary studies concerning the potential costs and benefits of adopting rapid methods as a regulatory tool are in short supply. We report on findings from an international Working Group that examined the breadth of social impacts, challenges, and research opportunities associated with the application of molecular tools to bathing water regulations.     

啤酒废水处理站的工程设计

本项目以哈尔滨啤酒(沈阳)有限公司啤酒厂为设计对象,其啤酒废水处理规模为1500m3/d,进水CODCr2000~2800mg/L。采用预处理-预酸化-IC反应器-活性污泥法-过滤为主体工艺,出水达到《辽宁省污水与废气排放标准》(DB21-60-89中一级标准)。为啤酒行业废水综合治理提供了较好的工艺途径。     

湿式氧化法处理汽油碱渣和液态烃碱渣

介绍了湿式氧化法处理洛阳分公司汽油碱渣和液态烃碱渣的工艺原理和运行效果.     

SBR工艺中原生动物肉足虫的硝化指示作用

通过对SBR反应器曝气量的控制达到了控制硝化率的目的。对肉足虫虫体密度与硝化率相关关系分析结果表明,弯凸表壳虫、普通表壳虫,以及盖厢壳虫均可以作为硝化指示生物。与盖厢壳虫相比,弯凸表壳虫和普通表壳虫与硝化率的相关关系更高,虫体较大易于显微镜观察与计数,更适宜用作硝化指示生物。     

长江口滨岸潮滩无齿相手蟹体内重金属元素的时空分布及其在环境监测中的指示作用

对长江口滨岸带无齿相手蟹体内的重金属元素分析表明:无齿相手蟹体内的Zn、Cr、Ni三种元素季节分布的总体趋势是夏季>春季>秋季。无齿相手蟹对重金属元素的累积也存在着地点间的差异。青龙港、浒浦两地的无齿相手蟹对Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni的累积量都很高,东海农场和崇明东滩的无齿相手蟹对Zn的累积量较高。对无齿相手蟹、沉积物、悬浮颗粒物中的重金属含量分析表明,无齿相手蟹对重金属Cu有一定的富集能力,适于做长江口滨岸带Cu的指示生物。     

绿色生态城区规划及实践的比较研究

目前,是以提倡低碳环保、绿色生态城市为发展规划的社会,生态化建设正如火如荼地进行中。本文以中新天津生态城、曹妃甸唐山湾生态城、青岛中德生态园这三个地点作比较,以建设绿色生态城市规划协同、共生城市理念、混合开发和生态社区结构这几点进行了分析,总结了城区建设间的问题,并针对这些问题研究解决方案,以达到绿色生态区建设的目的。     

Risk assessment and risk reduction of an acrylonitrile production plant

Reducing accident occurrence in petrochemical plants is crucial, thus appropriately allocating management resources to safety investment is a vital issue for corporate management as international competition intensifies. Understanding the priority of safety investment in a rational way helps achieve this objective.In this study, we targeted an acrylonitrile plant. First, Dow Chemical's Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) identified the reaction process as having the greatest physical risk. We evaluated the severity of accidents in the reaction process using the Process Safety Metrics advocated by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS); however, this index does not express damages a company actually experience. To solve this problem, we proposed a new metric that adds indirect cost to CCPS metrics. We adopted fault tree analysis (FTA) as a risk assessment method. In identifying top events and basic events, we attempted to improve the completeness of risk identification by considering accidents from the past, actual plant operation and equipment characteristics, natural disasters, and cyber-attacks and terrorist attacks. Consequently, we identified the top events with high priority in handling because of serious accidents as fire/explosion outside the reactor, fire/explosion inside the reactor, and reactor destruction. The new CCPS evaluation index proposed in this study found that fire and explosion outside the reactor has the highest severity. We considered the creation of the fault tree (FT) diagram of the top event, estimating the occurrence probability, and identifying the risk reduction part and capital investment aimed at risk reduction. As an economically feasible selection method for risk reduction investment, using the difference in loss amounts before and after safety investments indicated investment priority.     

Mitigation performance of the process protection system on the accident consequences of H2S-containing natural gas release and explosion

Toxic loads and explosion overpressure loads pose grave threats to the offshore oil and gas industry. Many safety measures are adopted to prevent and mitigate the adverse impacts caused by toxic loads and explosion overpressure loads. As a general safety barrier, the process protection system has been widely used but rarely evaluated. In order to assess the barrier ability, the mitigation performance of the process protection system is concerned in this study. Firstly, several chain accidents of H₂S-containing natural gas leakage and explosion are simulated by varying the response time of the process protection system with CFD code FLACS. Qualitative assessment is conducted based on the variation of the dangerous load profiles. Furthermore, the quantitative assessment of the mitigation performance is accomplished by considering its ability in reducing the probability of fatality. Emergency evacuation and no emergency evacuation are considered respectively in the quantitative assessment. The results prove that the process protection system takes effect on mitigating the toxic impact and explosion overpressure impact. The results also demonstrate that although the emergency evacuation may result in a severer explosion load to the operator, the process protection system can mitigate the adverse impacts regardless of whether the emergency evacuation is conducted or not.