Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) from north-western Poland

The purpose of this study was to evaluate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination levels in roe and red deer from north-western Poland and to assess environmental pollution in this area. A quantitative analysis was conducted using a capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. The mean concentrations of ΣPCBs (sum of PCBs: 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) in liver samples were 30.24±12.35 ng·g^?1 of lipid weight (l.w.) in roe deer and 60.13±14.23 ng·g^?1 l.w. in red deer, compared with 24.21±10.02 and 45.22±9.77 ng·g^?1 in the lungs of roe and red deer, respectively. PCBs 138, 153 and 180 were the dominant congeners in the liver samples of the analysed animals, whereas PCB 138 and 153 in the lungs. TEQs levels calculated for only dioxin-like PCBs were low: 0.32 and 0.29 pg WHO-PCB-TEQ·g^?1 fat in liver of red deer and roe deer, respectively. The mean PCB concentrations obtained in our study for organs of roe deer and red deer were several times lower than those reported elsewhere. These findings show that the investigated roe and red deer originated from an area with low levels of PCB contamination.     

PICABUE: a methodological framework for the development of indicators of sustainable development

SUMMARY

Significant interest in the concept of sustainable development exists amongst scientists, planners, policy makers and the public, and considerable effort and expenditure is made or envisaged at local, national and international levels to promote a more sustainable society. Until ‘green accounting’ and similar systems are made available and are implemented, the sustainability indicator will be the most effective tool available for monitoring progress towards a more sustainable society. Sustainability indicators are already available but are characterized by a poor or absent theoretical underpinning. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a methodological framework that can be applied to the construction of indicators of sustainable development. In order to be consistent with widely accepted definitions of sustainable development, considerations relating to the measurement of quality of life and ecological integrity are central to the methodology. The methodological framework has relevance to a variety of spatial scales and to geographically diverse areas (urban or rural, developed or developing countries) so that a suite of sustainability indicators can be produced that is tailored to the needs and resources of the indicator user, but which remains rooted firmly in the fundamental principles of sustainable development.     

国内外可持续发展指标体系研究进展

可持续发展是人类社会发展的必由之路。可持续发展指标的筛选和指标体系的构建,是人类全面实施可持续发展战略的重要组成部分,是人类社会可持续发展研究中的前沿性课题。20世纪90年代以来可持续发展研究的热点已经从可持续发展的定义转向可持续发展的评价,特别是指标体系的构建。20多年来,可持续发展指标体系的研究已经出现了从理论探讨走向了实际应用的趋势。通过分析20世纪90年代以来国内外有代表性的不同尺度上的可持续发展指标体系：联合国可持续发展委员会（UNCSD）的可持续发展指标体系、世界银行衡量可持续发展的新指标体系、波罗的海21世纪议程、英国、瑞典、芬兰、德国、美国、瑞士、丹麦及中国等国的可持续发展指标体系、欧洲城市可持续发展指标体系、新西兰玛努卡市的可持续发展指标体系、美国西雅图市社区可持续发展指标体系、中国的云南省、海南省、山东省等省以及南京市和哈尔滨市的可持续发展指标体系、山西交口县可持续发展指标体系、云南山区民族行政村可持续发展指标体系,对国内外可持续发展指标体系研究进行了总体评价。结果发现如果在以西方文明为主的现代化和城市化的框架下进行区域可持续发展的分析和评判,那得到的结论本质上是区域现代化或城市化程度的反映,而不是对区域可持续发展现状和趋势的评判。20多年来,国内外可持续发展指标体系的研究取得了丰硕的成果,为人类实施可持续发展战略打下了坚实的基础。     

生态示范区可持续发展指标体系和数学模型--以安徽省岳西县国家级生态示范区为例

为评价、监控和考核生态示范区可持续发展水平、进程和成效,构建了一套量化评价指标体系和指数叠加、功效系数、模糊综合评价等三种数学模型,并以安徽省岳西县国家级生态示范区为例研究生态示范区多时空尺度的可持续发展态势。结果表明在基准水平年（2000）、近期目标年（2005）和远景目标年（2010）生态示范区复合系统的可持续发展度（0.268、0.541、0.859）、可持续功效系数（0.711、0.812、0.949）和可持续发展隶属度（0.129、0.332、\{0.671\}）都逐步增加,而且在不同规划年限中均以自然子系统可持续发展态势为最优,这与该县生态环境优越、经济社会水平低、发展潜力大的客观实际非常符合。     

深圳市环境影响评价有效性评估

在总结国内外环境影响评价(EIA)有效性研究的基础上．提出EIA有效性评估的指标体系、分级标准和评估方法。选取1995～2002年间完成的80本环境影响报告书(EIS)对深圳市EIA有效性进行评估。研究结果表明：深圳市EIA有效性指数偏低,有效性一般．EIA制度在发挥积极作用的同时,存在制度体系有待完善、法律法规执行不够严格、评价人员专业素质有待提高等问题。最后提出改进EIA有效性的建议和需要进一步探讨的问题。     

CFD modeling and simulation of turbulent fluid flow and dust dispersion in the 20-L explosion vessel equipped with the perforated annular nozzle

A three-dimensional CFD model was developed to simulate the turbulent flow field induced by dust feeding and the associated dust dispersion within the 20-L explosion vessel equipped with the perforated annular nozzle. The model was validated against experimental data for pressure and root mean square velocity.Simulation results have shown that the turbulent kinetic energy is rather uniformly distributed and its values are significantly lower than those attained with the rebound nozzle. Furthermore, the perforated annular nozzle is able to generate a uniform dust/air cloud. However, a consistent fraction of the dust remains trapped inside the nozzle and, thus, it does not contribute to the explosion process.     

天津滨海新区黑潴河沉积物中重金属污染特征及地区性重金属污染指标选择

测定了天津滨海新区境内黑潴河沉积物中8种重金属(Cu,Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Zn,Ni和Hg)的质量分数,用富集因子法和潜在生态危害法进行了风险评价表明,黑潴河表层沉积物中w(Hg)和w(Cd)偏高,存在较高的生态风险,其余重金属的生态风险较低. 采用相关性分析和主成分分析法对重金属的来源进行分析表明,Zn,Cr和Ni主要受控于自然因素,来源于自然环境中的母岩侵蚀;As和Cu主要受控于人为的农业生产活动;Cd和Hg来源于污水灌溉、周围地区化石燃料的燃烧以及生活废物的排放等;Pb的来源同时受控于自然因素和人为活动因素,但以人为因素为主. 此外,对文献报道的天津地区各类水体沉积物和土壤中的重金属的污染程度进行比较分析,并与区域内植物和鱼类体内重金属富集程度相联系, 结果表明,Cd和Hg的富集倍数显著偏高,是天津地区重金属污染的指示指标.      

Abolition of set-aside schemes, associated impacts on habitat structure and modelling of potential effects of cross-farm regulation

In intensively farmed regions, habitat fragmentation represents a major pressure on biodiversity. Depending on its spatial setting, set-aside land can increase size and connectivity of habitats and thus counteract fragmentation. In 2008, the EU-wide set-aside obligation was suspended and a large proportion of set-aside land was re-cultivated. With Denmark as case we apply an indicator to measure the effect of set-aside land on spatial structure of semi-natural habitats in term of habitat size and connectivity. Furthermore, we model effects of a hypothetical spatial regulation, where set-aside land with the greatest benefit for habitat structure is retained as uncultivated, while set-aside land with the least effect is re-cultivated. The model is applied to individual farms and to farm agglomerations of increasing sizes, enabling us to explore potential effects of cross-farm regulation. The novelty of our approach is the application of observed land-uses changes for modelling a hypothetical regulation working on a range of spatial scales. Results show that after abolition of set-aside schemes the effect of set-aside land on habitat structure was more than halved. Modelled spatial regulation considerably reduces impacts. Effects increase with increasing size of farm agglomerations. However, marginal benefits become negligible at agglomeration sizes over 36 km².     

不同填料对人工湿地模拟柱中指示菌的去除

为研究不同填料对指示菌的去除效果,选取沸石、无烟煤、页岩、蛭石、陶瓷滤料、砾石、钢渣、生物陶粒8种填料,进行垂直流人工湿地模拟柱净化污水试验。结果表明,8种填料中对3种指示菌(异养细菌、大肠菌群和粪链球菌)去除率较高的为钢渣(99.9%)和无烟煤(95.9%),推测主要是因为其出水分别呈碱性和酸性造成。除钢渣和无烟煤外,去除率较高的为沸石和蛭石,去除率较低的为陶瓷滤料和生物陶粒。相关分析结果表明6种填料(不包括钢渣和无烟煤)对指示菌去除率与填料的渗透系数间存在负相关关系,推测它们主要是通过过滤吸附的机制去除指示菌。     

港口规划环境影响评价指标体系的初步研究

随着经济的发展，港口的建设与环境的矛盾日益突出，忽视环境影响的港口规划往往产生各种环境问题。因此必须实施规划环境影响评价，以便从源头上控制港口环境污染。基于可持续发展的要求与环境管理的发展趋势，文中简单介绍了港口规划环境影响评价的目标和一般技术方法。对港口规划环境影响评价指标体系进行初步研究，从港口规划的实际情况出发提出了基于DPSIR模型的环境影响评价指标体系，同时对于实际操作中指标体系的筛选进行了讨论。