矿山环境质量评价指标体系及层次分析法评价

根据矿山环境评价指标体系设计的原则,利用模糊数学理论的分级别的隶属度量化对初选的指标体系进行优化,形成矿山环境质量评价指标体系．在此基础上运用层次分析法对指标权值进行确定,建立矿山环境质量评价体系模型,此模型为矿山环境的评价与治理提供决策支持服务。     

Recent application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in process safety and loss prevention: A review

In recent years, significant progress has been made to ensure that process industries are among the safest workplaces in the world. However, with the increasing complexity of existing technologies and new problems brought about by emerging technologies, a strong need still exists to study the fundamentals of process safety and predict possible scenarios. This is attained by conducting the corresponding consequence modeling and risk assessments. As a result of the continuous advancement of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools and exponentially increased computation capabilities along with better understandings of the underlying physics, CFD simulations have been applied widely in the areas of process safety and loss prevention to gain new insights, improve existing models, and assess new hazardous scenarios. In this review, 126 papers from 2010 to 2020 have been included in order to systematically categorize and summarize recent applications of CFD for fires, explosions, dispersions of flammable and toxic materials from accidental releases, incident investigations and reconstructions, and other areas of process safety. The advantages of CFD modeling are discussed and the future of CFD applications in this research area is outlined.     

Optimizing the design of storage facilities through the application of ISD and QRA

Four strategies can be used to achieve safety in chemical processes: inherent, passive, active and procedural. However, the strategy that offers the best results is the inherent safety approach, especially if it is applied during the initial stages of a project. Inherently Safer Design (ISD) permanently eliminates or reduces hazards, and thus avoids or diminishes the consequences of incidents. ISD can be applied using four strategies: substitution, minimization, moderation and simplification. In this paper, we propose a methodology that combines ISD strategies with Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) to optimize the design of storage installations. As 17% of major accidents in the chemical industry occur during the storage process and cause significant losses, it is essential to improve safety in such installations. The proposed method applies QRA to estimate the risk associated with a specific design. The design can then be compared to others to determine which is inherently safer. The risk analysis may incorporate complex phenomena such as the domino effect and possible impacts on vulnerable material and human elements. The methodology was applied to the San Juanico tragedy that occurred in Mexico in 1984.     

升流式厌氧污泥床--压力式好氧接触氧化工艺处理制药废水的实践

采用升流式厌氧污泥床—压力式好氧接触氧化工艺处理锦州九洋药业有限责任公司制药废水,该工艺技术成熟、处理效率高,运行稳定可靠。结果表明处理后的出水水质可以满足排放标准的要求。     

Application of a hydroxylamine nitrate stability model to plutonium purification process equipment

A mathematical model that predicts hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) (NH₂OH·HNO₃) stability is applied to aqueous solutions containing HAN, nitric acid and plutonium that are used in plutonium purification processes. The model estimates the stability of these solutions with respect to the rapid, hazardous, autocatalytic reaction of HAN with nitric acid that generates heat and gas. It also accounts for reaction kinetics, temperature changes, gas generation rates, solution volumes and flow rates, and distribution of plutonium and nitric acid between aqueous and organic phases. The model is applied to three typical process vessels used in solvent extraction purification of plutonium – a countercurrent aqueous/organic plutonium stripping column, an oxidation column used for HAN and hydrazine destruction, and a plutonium rework tank. Both normal and off-normal process scenarios are modeled. Two of the off-normal scenarios lead to the rapid autocatalytic reaction of HAN with nitric acid where heat and gas are generated and that could lead to damage of the process equipment and/or release of hazardous plutonium solution from the vessel. In these two cases, stationary aqueous solutions containing HAN, Pu(III), and nitric acid were allowed to slowly react until conditions for the autocatalytic reaction were reached.     

活性污泥外循环SBR系统循环污泥释磷能力研究

本试验以HAc作为厌氧释磷的碳源有机物，以SBR系统外循环污泥作为研究对象，探索外循环活性污泥的厌氧释磷能力和获取高浓度富磷污水的途径，试验表明：厌氧过程中聚磷菌吸收HAc和释放PO4^3 的分子比为1：1。即吸收2．06mgHAc-COD将诱导1mgP释放，单位时段比污泥的平均释磷速率Vp=6.54.t^0.76，理想的厌氧时间为60－180min，减少循环污泥释磷系统的反应容积可以提高富磷污水磷酸盐的浓度。     

SBR工艺处理城市垃圾渗滤液的可行性分析

在参考国内外垃圾渗滤液的处理方案后，选择厌氧预处理 SBR工艺作为处理方案，通过实验对该废水处理的情况来看，该工艺较好地适应了垃圾渗滤液的处理特点，能达到比较良好的效果。     

基于物料衡算法的复杂化工过程产排污量核算软件的开发及应用

物料衡算法是污染源普查技术规定的污染物排放量核算的一种重要方法,但对于复杂的化工过程,物料衡算法的难度和计算工作量均很大,难以为基层环境监察人员掌握和运用,同时运用物料衡算进行污染物排放量核算的可靠性,也很难保证。结合排污量核定实践,综合进行物料衡算的技巧和一般方法,科学地模化物质转化转移过程,以此为基础,应用Visual Basic高级计算机语言编制了针对复杂化工过程的物料衡算计算软件,并以沈阳某制药有限公司的脑复康生产过程为原型,利用实测资料对计算模型进行了验证,应用该软件计算某制药厂VC生产线等4条生产线的产排污量核算。该软件应用简便,可以方便快捷地进行复杂化工过程的物料衡算,并可以分析生产过程中的主要产污环节,为提高清洁生产水平提供科学依据。     

A hybrid model for human factor analysis in process accidents: FBN-HFACS

Human factors are the largest contributing factors to unsafe operation of the chemical process systems. Conventional methods of human factor assessment are often static, unable to deal with data and model uncertainty, and to consider independencies among failure modes. To overcome the above limitations, this paper presents a hybrid dynamic human factor model considering Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), intuitionistic fuzzy set theory, and Bayesian network. The model is tested on accident scenarios which have occurred in a hot tapping operation of a natural gas pipeline. The results demonstrate that poor occupational safety training, failure to implement risk management principles, and ignoring reporting unsafe conditions were the factors that contributed most failures causing accident. The potential risk-based safety measures for preventing similar accidents are discussed. The application of the model confirms its robustness in estimating impact rate (degree) of human factor induced failures, consideration of the conditional dependency, and a dynamic and flexible modelling structure.     

Preparation and implementation of seven ecological compensation plans for Dutch highways

First-generation compensation plans (CPs) for Dutch highway projects have been evaluated with respect to implementation of the compensation principle (1993), which aims to counterbalance the adverse ecological impacts of large-scale development projects. Decision-making on the seven projects took place between 1993 and 1995. Specifically, we considered: (a) the processes employed to prepare and implement the compensation plans; (b) the methods used to identify, plan, and execute the compensation measures; and (c) the results yielded by these methods. We conclude that the CPs were prepared fairly uniformly, particularly in terms of the processes and methodologies used to derive compensation measures. Five of the seven CPs had become operational by 2001 and initial experience is now being gained on land acquisition and transfer of compensation sites to nature conservation trusts. Further progress of CPs is likely to be seriously hampered by growing demand for land for development in general and associated increases in real estate prices. Several problems are addressed and recommendations made with respect to: (a) developing a legal basis for the compensation principle; (b) the relationship with re-allotment projects; (c) estimation of compensation costs; (d) an annual bias of CP budgets to account for rising costs; (e) contingency measures; and (f) criteria for CP (ex-post) evaluation.