Landscape planning and ecology construction of wetland comprehensive protected area system in the Sanjiang Plain

Wetland is one of the richest biodiversity areas in the earth. The main purpose of establishing wetland protected area is to protect biodiversity, and the protection of ecosystem diversity and landscape diversity is the key to protect biodiversity. In order to protect regional ecosystem and landscape, it is a good way to establish wetland comprehensive protected area which connected wetland nature reserves by habitat corridors. The Sanjiang Plain as a study area, its landscape evaluation index system on wetland protected area was studied, and some problems on landscape planning and ecology construction were further approached in this paper. It showed that establishing wetland comprehensive protected area is very important to protect regional wetlands, to maintain ecological balance,and to improve the sustainable development of agriculture and industry in this region.     

黄河三门峡库区段水污染物排放总量控制研究

根据黄河水资源保护规划的要求，对黄河三门峡库区段水污染物允许排污总量进行计算，在此基础上采用黑箱模型，建立了区域排污与控制河段目标总量之间的输入响应关系，并根据允许入黄量确定对各污染源的排污控制要求，为实施区域环境总量控制奠定基础。     

南水北调中线水源区浮游植物与水质研究

2003~2005年对南水北调中线水源区水体浮游植物的调查结果表明,该水域共有浮游植物96种及变种,隶属于8门63属,其中种类最多的藻类植物依次是硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻.藻类的细胞密度表现出夏季最高、冬季最低的明显季节变化.运用Margalef和Menkinick多样性指数对该水域的水质进行评价,结果显示,水体为寡污型,基本处于中营养状态.图3表3参14     

我国自然保护区有效管理评价指标研究

本文根据我国自然保护区建设速度较快但管理水平较低的现状，在多年调查研究的基础上，提出制定自然保护区有效管理评价标准的必要性，并详细阐述了在保护区管理条件、管理措施、科研基础和管理成效等四个方面的评价内容，提出１３项评价指标，进而作了详细的评分等级划分，提出一套评价全国自然保护区管理质量的指标体系，为全国自然保护区管理的监督检查提供了一套简便适用、易于操作的评判标准。     

Relationship between filtration activity and food availability in the Mediterranean mussel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus galloprovincialis</Emphasis>

The filtration activity of the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, was assessed under different concentrations and compositions of seston by using a new automated image acquisition and analysis system. This approach allowed for frequent and simultaneous measurements of valve gape and exhalant siphon area. Filtration rates were measured through clearance measurements whereas pumping rates were measured using hot-film probes. The average filtration rate (17.5 l g h⁻¹ DW⁻¹ for a 0.36 g DW mussel) recorded during the present study was higher than those available for Mytilus edulis when standardized to flesh dry weight but almost equivalent (17.5 l h⁻¹ g DW⁻¹ for a 53 mm shell length mussel) to those rates when standardized to shell length. Immediately after the addition of algal cells (Isochrysis galbana; 4.5 μm in size), valve gape, exhalant siphon area and filtration rate increased quickly as mussels reached their maximum filtration activity. These three parameters then gradually decreased until complete closure of the shell. The algal cell concentration inducing this transition was close to 800 cells ml⁻¹ and 0.5 μg Chl a l⁻¹. When algal concentration was maintained above this threshold by successive algal additions, both valve gape and exhalant siphon area remained maximal. Temporal changes in the exhalant siphon area were continuous as opposed to those of valve gape. Therefore, despite the significant correlation between these two parameters, valves and siphon were sometimes dissociated due to a reduction of the area or even a closure of the exhalant siphon while the valves remained open. The velocity of exhaled water tended to be constant irrespective of exhalant siphon area and thus pumping rates were a linear function of exhalant siphon area. Consequently, reductions in exhalant siphon area and pumping rate were almost similar in M. galloprovincialis. Our results thus clearly support the hypothesis that exhalant siphon area constitutes a better proxy of pumping rate than valve gape as already suggested for Mytilus edulis. Finally, the high filtration rates measured during the present study together with the high concentrations of inorganic matter (> 40 mg DW l⁻¹) requested to alter those rates suggest that the studied mussels were well adapted to oligotrophic waters featuring strong hydrodynamism and frequent sediment resuspension events.     

贵州喀斯特山区植物营养元素含量特征

贵州喀斯特山区是我国乃至世界喀斯特分布面积最大的片区之一,由于其生态系统的脆弱性,加之人类活动的干扰,使得该区的植被退化较为严重。文章选择该区的12种主要植物作为研究对象,对其营养元素进行了研究。结果表明:>1000μg·g-1的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S,100～1000μg·g-1的元素有Fe、Mn、Al,10～100μg·g-1的元素有Zn、Sr,<10μg·g-1的元素为Cu、Mo,其中Mo含量最低,仅为0.17μg·g-1。这些元素中,Ca、P、K元素高于所报道的陆生植物的含量范围。元素含量特点是Ca>K>Mg型。N、P、K、Mg元素的频数分布为正态分布,Ca、Al、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、S元素为对数正态分布。变异系数大于100%的元素有Al、Fe、Mn、Sr,变异系数小于60%的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Cu,其中Ca的变异系数最小,仅为11.8%。不同生境下相同植物的营养元素含量有较大的差异,石灰土上植物的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Al、Cu、Mo元素含量要高于黄壤上植物的。元素间的相关分析表明:P和K、P和Cu、Al和Fe、Al和Zn、Fe和Zn元素具有显著相关关系;N和P、P和Mg、K和Al、K和Cu、Ca和Sr、S和Mo元素具有一般相关关系。     

北京城近郊区园林绿地多目标规划

北京市城近郊区人口密集,经济活动频繁,作为改善城市空气质量的重要环境资源之一,园林绿地提供了不可或缺的生态服务功能。针对研究区降尘大、SO_2浓度高以及生产生活耗氧量大等主要环境问题,以满足城市居民环境质量基本要求为目标,通过一系列决策变量与约束条件的设定,建立起北京城近郊区园林绿地多目标线性规划模型。应用Lingo 8．0软件对规划模型求解,结果表明,规划期(2020年)不同种类园林绿地面积分配较基期(2000年)更为合理,强调通过乔灌草相结合提高园林绿地整体生态服务功能,为北京建设生态城市提供了规划依据。     

河北省藁城市蔬菜种植区化肥施用与地下水硝酸盐污染研究

通过农户问卷调查和地下水田间取样分析 ,主要对河北省藁城市蔬菜种植区的化肥施用与地下水硝酸盐污染现状进行了研究。结果表明 :2 0 0 1年藁城市蔬菜种植区化肥施用纯量为 1 4 0 8.6kg·hm-2 ,其中氮肥施用纯量为 84 0 .8kg·hm-2 ;藁城市各蔬菜种植模式下氮肥施用量由高到低的顺序依次为大棚 >温室 >中棚 >小棚 >地膜 >露地 ;温室、中棚和露地蔬菜区地下水硝酸盐含量最高值出现在 8月 ,而地膜蔬菜区则在 1 1月 ;各蔬菜种植模式对地下水影响的大小顺序为地膜 >中棚 >温室 >露地 ,影响因素主要有密集度、种植模式、种植年限、氮肥施用量和土壤质地等。     

我国自然保护区建设及其对生物多样性的保护

到1991年底,我国共建立各种类型自然保护区708个,总面积56066.6kha,约占国土面积的5.54％。本文从我国森林、草原、荒漠、内陆湿地和水域、海洋、海岸等生态系统类型自然保护区以及野生动、植物类型自然保护区的建设着手,全面分析了我国自然保护区建设对生物多样性保护的贡献和存在的不足。     

天氧附着膜膨胀床反应器预处理有机氯农药废水的研究

针对有机氯农药废水可生化性差的特点，研究了采用厌氧膨胀床颗粒活性炭反应器对其预处理以提高可生化性的效果。未经处理的有机氯农药废水及经混凝、Fenton氧化处理后的有机氯农药废水分别进入厌氧反应器，在进水pH为6．8～7．2，水力停留时间为48h，有机物容积负荷为1．41～3．19kgCOD／m^2．d时，3种废水的出水B／C值分别为0．35、0．41和0．42；出水COD分别为1280、1050和659mg／L；出水色度分别为50倍（灰白）、20倍（灰白）和20倍（灰白）。从运行稳定、经济的角度，选择混凝一厌氧组合作为该农药废水的预处理工艺。研究提出采用单位表面面积生物膜底物降解速率LW作为厌氧膨胀床反应器的设计指标，并根据试验数据得出厌氧膨胀床颗粒活性炭反应器的动力学模型，为工程设计及运行管理提供依据。